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Y2: PS2001 > Fear and Emotion > Flashcards

Fear and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what are 4 reasons that we study fear?

A

adaptive mechanisms
long lasting
underlies disorders
easy to study

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2
Q

what are three fear responses?

A

behavioural
autonomic
hormonal

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3
Q

what are behavioural fear responses

A

movement appropriate to stituation (fight or flight)

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4
Q

what is autonomic fear responses

A

blood vessels constrict/ dilate

heart rate changes enabling the behavioural response

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5
Q

what is a hormonal fear response

A

hormones produced to reinforce the autonomic response

e.g. adrenalin

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6
Q

how do we study fear?

A

fear conditioning in rats

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7
Q

which brain area, with lesions, produce deficits in fear conditioning

A

the amygdala

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8
Q

describe fear and the role of the amygdala in rats fear conditioning

A

single neurons in the lateral nucleus of the anygdala increase their firing rate to conditioned stimuli following training in rats conditioning

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9
Q

what are the two brain areas activatated when rats hear CS tone

A

auditory thalamus

auditory cortex

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10
Q

what are the two brain areas activated when rats hear US footshock

A

aomatosensory thalamus

somatosensory cortex

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11
Q

what is the sequence of events that occur after CS and US stimuli presentation in rats

A

both thalamus’ and cortex’s activate the
lateral nucleus
–> central nucleus
–> central grey(freezing) , lateral hypthalamus (blood pressure), paravenicular (hormones)

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12
Q

how does the amygdala control the fear response?

A

all these regions are innervated by the central nucleus - different brain regions

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13
Q

describe fear conditioning process in humans

A

subjects are presented with one of two stimuli-
blue square (CS+) is paired with a shock
or
red square (CS-) is presented with no shock

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14
Q

do humans show a fear response to the CS+ relative to the CS-

A

humans show increased skin conductance response(sweating) to CS+ relative to CS-

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15
Q

what does human conditioning experiments represent

A

pavlovian fear conditioning

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16
Q

which brain region is activated in humans in response to fear

A

the amygdala

17
Q

what are three ways to reduce fear?

A

extinction
cognitive regulation
reconsolidation

18
Q

describe extinction of fear conditioning (2)

A

conditioned fear arises through the pairing of a cue with an aversive stimuli
if cue presented many times in absense of the shock, the conditioned response decreases

19
Q

if the original memory is not erased then why do we stop being afraid?

A

activation in the amygdala is high during learning of conditioned fear but low during extinctions

20
Q

what happens to the amygdala during extinction

A

its inhibited

21
Q

where does amygdala inhibition come from during extinction

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

22
Q

describe inhibition in the ventromedial prefrontal corte

A

neurons in vmPFC become active during extinction
this inhibits the fear response produced by the amygdala
electrical stimulation of vmPFC can speed up extinction

23
Q

what is cognitive regulation

A

cognitive strategies can reduce conditioned fear

24
Q

how does cognitive regulation work

A

reduces conditioned fear by decreasing activation in the amygdala

25
Q

what happens to the amygdala during cognitive regulation

A

its inhibited by increase activation in the prefrontal cortex

26
Q

what happens if memories are recalled

A

they become sensitive to change and must be reconsolidated

27
Q

can we block memory (re)consolidation?

A

LTP is require for memory consolidation

LTP can be blocked by blocking protein synthesis

28
Q

what is reconsolidation

A

previously consolidated memory is remembered

and memory becomes sensitive to change

29
Q

what is required for reconsolidation

A

proteins

30
Q

how can memories be erased

A

by stopping reconsolidation

Y2: PS2001 (35 decks)

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