depression, bipolar and schizoaffective disorder Flashcards
10 DSM-5 symptoms of depression
depressed mood diminished interests weight loss insomnia psychomotor agitation loss of energy dimished ability to think or concentrate thoughts of death
what are 4 characteristics of depression
psychological symptoms
motivational deficits
physical symptoms
cognitive symptoms
what is bipolar disorder
persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week alternating episodes of major depression
severe mania severe depression
what are 5 DSM5 symptoms of bipolar
inflated self esteem
decreased need for sleep
distractibility
increased risky behaviour
what are 3 behavioural features of hypomania
racing thoughts
poor judgement
increased reckless behaviour
what is schizoaffective disorder
an uninterupted period of illnes during which there is a major mood episode
what are the two mood episodes in schizoaffective disorder
bipolar and depressive
what are 4 delusions of schizoaffective disorder
grandeur - beign famous
persecution- others trying to harm them
control- thoughts controlled by external forces
reference- radio or tv taking to them
what do hallucinations affect
visual, auditory, olfactory and somatosensory domain
what is the medical treatment for MDD
tricyclic antidepressents
SSRIs
what is the medical treatment for bipolar disorder
lithium- mood stabiliser
what is the medical treatment of schizoaffective disorder
manic type- lithium antipsychotics
depressive type- tricyclic antidepressents and SSRIs
antipsychotics
what are the four biological theories for MDD
genetic factors
neurochemical
brain abnormalities
neurenodocrinal factors/stress
describe the neurochemical factors role in MDD
associated with low levels of brain transmitters
depression can be treated by drugs that raise levels of serotonin and noradrenaline
what are the two neurotransmitter associated with MDD
serotonin
noradrenalin/norepinephrine
what are the 5 brain areas associated with MDD
prefrontal cortex anterioir cingulate cortex hippocampus amygdala cerebellum
what neural substrate potentially associated with the functions of MDD
insular cortex
how was the potential involvement of insular cortex in MDD explored
questionnaires and VBM-MRI
what is depression associated with
high levels of cortisol
what is cortisol
is released in stressful situations
why is permanent release of cortisol harmful
its neurotoxic and can lead to atrophic changes in brain
what are the three psychological theories of MDD
cognitive
learned helplessness
attributional studies
what are the cognitive theories
negative cognitions and slef-schema
what did aaron beck propose
cognitive theory
what did cognitive theory propose
depression maintained by negative thinking and negative schemas
what are negative schemas charcterised
negative triad
what is becks negative triad
identifying- helping client recognise negative automatic thoughts
linking- help clients see how their negative automatic thoughts activate and perpetuate mood states
modifying- help clients generate alternative ways of thinking
what is learned helplessness
theory of depression that argues people become depressed followinf unavoidable negative life events
what are attributional studies
depressd individuals tend to attribute negative events to causes that cannot be easily changed or manipulated
what are the three factors in attributional studies
internal
stable
global
what are the 6 biological treatments for MDD
drug therapy electroconvuslive therapy neurosurgery for mental disorder social skills training behavioural activation therapy
how do SSRIs work
SSRIs are also able to trigger neurogenesis in the hippocampis
how do drug treatments for MDD work
effect by increasing levels of brain neurotransmitters serotonin and noradrenaline
what is electroconvulsive therapy
common when can not be controlled by medication
induces neurogenesis in hippocampal regions
what is neurosurgery for MDD
anterioir capsultomy
anterior cingulotomy
what is social skills therapy
assums depression in part results from individuals ability to communicate and socialise
what are two features of social skills training
role playing tasks, positive reinforcement
use of eye contact
what is behavioural activation therapy
increasing clients access to pleasent events
daily monitoring of pleasent events
social skills
what is cognitive therapy
helping individuals idnetify their negative beliefs
assisring clients challenge negative beliefs
