Sleep 1

Question 1

what is transition stage

Answer 1

stage 1

Question 2

what is soundly asleep but will deny on waking

Answer 2

stage 2

Question 3

what is slow wave sleep

Answer 3

stage 3 and 4

Question 4

what is REM sleep

Answer 4

characterised by EEG desynchrony, lack of muscle tone (paralysis) and rapid eye movement

Question 5

what is SWS

Answer 5

charaterised by EEG synchrony, moderate muscle tone and absence of eye movemet

Question 6

what is the transition between SWS to REM sleep

Answer 6

ponto-geniculo-occipital waves (PGO)

Question 7

what is sleep apnea

Answer 7

cease to breath during sleep

Question 8

what is narcolepsy

Answer 8

primary symptom is sleep attack
sleep paralysis
hallucinations

Question 9

what is cataplexy

Answer 9

brief conscious paralysis

Question 10

how is narcoplepsy treated

Answer 10

modafinil

Question 11

what is REM sleep disorder

Answer 11

paralyis that normally appears during REM isnt present, involves accumulation of a-synuclein in neurons

Question 12

how is REM sleep disorder treated

Answer 12

with bensodiasepine

Question 13

what are three disorders of SWS

Answer 13

sleep walking, bed wetting and night terrors

Question 14

what controls arousal levels

Answer 14

modulating transmitter systems in brainstem; including= acetylcholine, seratonin etc

Question 15

describe noradrenalin and arousal

Answer 15

noradrenaline neurons are active during waking and active during sleep

Question 16

describe seratonin and arousal

Answer 16

seratonin neurons are also active during waking and less acitve during sleep

Question 17

what are orexinergic neurons

Answer 17

active during waking

Question 18

what is a key area involved in sleep

Answer 18

ventrolateral preoptic area

Question 19

what is the key to wakefulness

Answer 19

oxinergic/hypocretinergic neurons in lateral hypothalamus

Question 20

what is the flip-flop switch

Answer 20

mutual inhibition between ventrolateral propti area (promotes sleep) and arousal systems

Question 21

what activates arousal systems to keep us awakw

Answer 21

orexin neurons in hypothalamus

Question 22

what does adenosine do

Answer 22

inhibits orexin neurons and builds up during waking

Question 23

where are REM-on cells found

Answer 23

cells (acetylcholine) found in sublaterodorsal nucelus in dorsal pons

Question 24

where are REM-off cells

Answer 24

found in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray metter

Question 25

how do REm off neurons remain active

Answer 25

input from arousal system