Sleep 1 Flashcards
what is transition stage
stage 1
what is soundly asleep but will deny on waking
stage 2
what is slow wave sleep
stage 3 and 4
what is REM sleep
characterised by EEG desynchrony, lack of muscle tone (paralysis) and rapid eye movement
what is SWS
charaterised by EEG synchrony, moderate muscle tone and absence of eye movemet
what is the transition between SWS to REM sleep
ponto-geniculo-occipital waves (PGO)
what is sleep apnea
cease to breath during sleep
what is narcolepsy
primary symptom is sleep attack
sleep paralysis
hallucinations
what is cataplexy
brief conscious paralysis
how is narcoplepsy treated
modafinil
what is REM sleep disorder
paralyis that normally appears during REM isnt present, involves accumulation of a-synuclein in neurons
how is REM sleep disorder treated
with bensodiasepine
what are three disorders of SWS
sleep walking, bed wetting and night terrors
what controls arousal levels
modulating transmitter systems in brainstem; including= acetylcholine, seratonin etc
describe noradrenalin and arousal
noradrenaline neurons are active during waking and active during sleep
describe seratonin and arousal
seratonin neurons are also active during waking and less acitve during sleep
what are orexinergic neurons
active during waking
what is a key area involved in sleep
ventrolateral preoptic area
what is the key to wakefulness
oxinergic/hypocretinergic neurons in lateral hypothalamus
what is the flip-flop switch
mutual inhibition between ventrolateral propti area (promotes sleep) and arousal systems
what activates arousal systems to keep us awakw
orexin neurons in hypothalamus
what does adenosine do
inhibits orexin neurons and builds up during waking
where are REM-on cells found
cells (acetylcholine) found in sublaterodorsal nucelus in dorsal pons
where are REM-off cells
found in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray metter
how do REm off neurons remain active
input from arousal system
