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HSTCYT1 > STAINING > Flashcards

STAINING Flashcards

1
Q

process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of the cells

A

staining

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2
Q

purpose of staining

A
  • to make the tissue and cell become more visible
  • we can easily identify morphological changes in the tissue/cell
  • performed to establish the presence of disease
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3
Q

higher affinity with basic dye

A

acidic

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4
Q

higher affinity with acidic dyes

A

basic

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5
Q

tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with dye or staining solution

A

histologic stain

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6
Q

producing coloration of the active tissue component

A

histologic staining

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7
Q

employed to demonstrate the general relationship of tissues and cells with differentiation of nucleus and cytoplasm

A

histologic stains

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8
Q

examples of histologic stains

A
  • microanatomic stains
  • bacterial stains
  • specific tissue stains
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9
Q

examples of microanatomic stains

A
  • hematoxylin and eosin
  • Masson’s Trichome
  • periodic acid schiff
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10
Q

what does hematoxylin stain and what color

A

it stains nucleus blue

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11
Q

counterstain of hematoxylin

A

eosin

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12
Q

what does eosin stain and what color

A

it stains cytoplasm pink

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13
Q

microanatomic stain used for muscle fibers

A

Masson’s Trichome

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14
Q

color of Masson’s Trichome

A

red

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15
Q

microanatomic stain used for carbohydrate structures

A

Periodic Acid-Schiff

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16
Q

color of PAS

A

magenta

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17
Q

examples of bacterial stains

A
  • gram stain
  • Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid-Fast) stain
  • Giemsa stain
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18
Q

color of Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid-Fast) stain

A

red

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19
Q

counter stain of Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid-Fast) stain

A

methylene blue

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20
Q

primary stain of Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid-Fast) stain

A

Carbon Fucshin

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21
Q

to heat fat to be easily penetrated by primary stain

A

Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid-Fast) stain

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22
Q

to differentiate blood cells and parasites by simple staining techniques

A

Giemsa stain

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23
Q

examples of muscle stains

A
  • Gomori Trichome stain
  • ATPase stain
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24
Q

types of specific tissue stains

A
  • muscle stains
  • connective tissue stains
  • neurologic stains
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25
Q

muscle stain that differentiate muscle fibers from connective tissue

A

Gomori Trichome stain

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26
Q

combination of different tissues

A

Gomori Trichome stain

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27
Q

color of muscle fiber and CT in muscle stains

A

Muscle fibers: red
CT: blue/green

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28
Q

muscle stain for enzymatic reaction

A

ATPase stain

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29
Q

types of CT stains

A
  • Van Gieson’s stain
  • Verhoeff’s Elastic Stain
  • Mallory’s Phosphotungstic Acid hematoxylin (PTAH) stain
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30
Q

color of collagen fibers and muscle fibers for Van Gieson’s stain

A

CF- red
MF - yellow

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31
Q

CT stain for staining elastic fibers

A

Verhoeff’s Elastic stain

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32
Q

color of elastic fibers for Verhoeff’s Elastic stain

A

black

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33
Q

color of collagen fibers and muscle fibers for Mallory’s Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH) stain

A

collagen - blue
muscle fibers - red orange

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34
Q

types of neurologic stains

A
  • Luxol Fast blue
  • Cresyl Violet (Nissl stain)
  • Bielschowsky Silver stain
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35
Q

neurologic stain for myelin sheath

A

Luxol Fast blue

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36
Q

for staining Nissl bodies

A

Cresyl Violet (Nissl stain)

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37
Q

stain for studying neurodegenerative substances

A

Bielschowsky Silver stain

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38
Q

color of Bielschowsky’s Silver stain

A

Black

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39
Q

tisseu constituents are studied through chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance

A

histochemical staining

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40
Q

histochemical staining for hemoglobin

A

Perl’s Prussian blue

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41
Q

histochemical staining for carbohydrates

A

Periodic Acid Shiff

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42
Q

part of hemoglobin that is stained

A

iron/ ferric component of hemoglobin

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43
Q

positive color for iron

A

blue

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44
Q

ferric iron is converted to

A

ferric ferrocyanide

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45
Q

detect the activity of alkaline phosphate for bone and liver conditions

A

alkaline phosphate stain

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46
Q

organs utilized in alkaline phosphate stain

A
  • bone, liver, intestine, and placenta
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47
Q

demonstarate activity of acid phosphate for bone and prostate gland

A

acid phosphatase

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48
Q

combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated

A

immunohistochemistry

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49
Q

serves as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye

A

mordant

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50
Q

not part of the chemical reaction but merely accelerates or hasten the speed of staining reaction

A

accentuator

51
Q

3 applications of mordant

A
  • applied before staining
  • added as part of the staining solution
  • added to dye sltn itself
52
Q

process fo giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dyes; no mordant is used

A

direct staining

53
Q

staining reaction is intensified by adding another agent or mordant; mordant is used

A

indirect staining

54
Q

process whereby tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence, and the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue element is attained

A

progressive staining

55
Q

process of selectively removing excess stain from the tissue

A

differentiator/decolorizer

56
Q

tissue is first over stained to obliterate cellular details, and excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue, until the desired intensity of color is obtained

A

regressive staining

57
Q

differentiator/ decolorizer is not needed

A

progressive

58
Q

differentiator/ decolorizer is needed

A

regressive

59
Q

substance is stained with a color that is the same from that of the dye

A

orthochromic staining

60
Q

use of specific dye which differentiate particular substance by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain itself

A

metachromatic staining

61
Q

employed for staining cartilage, connective tissue, epithelial mucin, mast cell granules and amyloid

A

metachromatic staining

62
Q

color that is different from that of the stain itself

A

metachromatia

63
Q

3 methods fo intravital staining

A
  • intravenous
  • intraperitonial
  • subcutaneous
64
Q

performed by injecting in the living animal’s body in the blood stream in vivo

A

vital staining

65
Q

selective staining of living cell constituents

A

vital staining

66
Q

doen by injecting the dye into part of the animal body

A

intravital staining

67
Q

example of intravital staining

A
  • lithium
  • carmine
  • India ink
68
Q

done by staining living cells immediately after removal from the living body

A

supravital staining

69
Q

e.g. of supravital staining

A
  • Neutral red
  • Janus green
  • Trypan Blue
  • Nile blue
  • Thionine
  • Toluidine blue
70
Q

trace cell population and their movement within the body

A

lithium

71
Q

lysosomes in living organisms

A

carmine

72
Q

for staining macrophage

A

India dye

73
Q

for staining lysosomes

A

neutral red

74
Q

for staining mitochondria

A

Janus green

75
Q

for staining dead cells separated from living cells and for cell viability

A

Tryptan Blue

76
Q

for staining fat/lipid droplet

A

Nile Blue

77
Q

for staining Nissl bodies in neirons

A

Thionine

78
Q

for staining mast cells

A

Toluidine blue

79
Q

process where specifci tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic saltsa which are thereby reduced by the tissue, producing opaque, usually black deposit on the surface of the tissue

A

matallic impregnation

80
Q

agent will not be absorbed by the tissue, instead, it is on the surface

A

metallic impregnation

81
Q

example of metallic impregnation

A

ammoniacal silver

82
Q

reduced by melanin and intestinal glands

A

ammoniacal silver

83
Q

obtained from plants and animals previously utilized for dying of wool and cotton

A

natural dyes

84
Q

where is hematoxylin derived from

A

Haematoxylum campechianum

85
Q

most valuable staining reagent used in cytology

A

hematoxylin

86
Q

active coloring reagent/form of hematoxylin

A

hematin

87
Q

hematoxylin is usually combined with:

A

Aluminum, iron, chromium, copper, and salts

88
Q

oxidation process of hematoxylin

A

ripening

89
Q

2 types of ripening

A
  • natural
  • artificial
90
Q

type of ripening wherein hematoxylin is exposed in sunlight or air for 3-4 hours

A

natural

91
Q

type of ripening wherein ripening is accelerated by adding oxidizing agents

A

artificial

92
Q

examples of oxidizing agents

A
  • H2O2
  • mercuric oxide
93
Q

other name for cochineal dyes

A

carmine

94
Q

cochnieal dyes are old histologic dye extracted from the female Cochineal bug called

A

Coccus cacti

95
Q

treated with aluminum to produce the dye carmine

A

Cochineal dye

96
Q

a powerful chromatin and nuclear stain for fresh material and smear preparation

A

Cochineal dye

97
Q

2 solution of cochineal dye

A
  • Picrocarmine
  • Best Carmine
98
Q

composition of picrocarmine

A

picric acid + cochineal dye/carmine

99
Q

composition of best carmine

A

aluminum chloride + cochineal dye/carmine

100
Q

cochineal dye that is for neuropathologic samples

A

picrocarmine

101
Q

cochineal dye for glycogen

A

Best Carmine

102
Q

vegetable dye from certain lichens which are normally colorless, but which, when treated with ammonia and exposed to alkali to produce blue or violet color

A

orcein

103
Q

used for staining elastic fibers

A

orcein

104
Q

used as spice from a stigma of the plant

A

safron

105
Q

flower from which safron is harvested from

A

Crocus sativus

106
Q

artificial dye is also known as

A

Coal Tar dyes

107
Q

derived from the hydrocarbon benzene and are collectively known as Aniline dye

A

artificial dye

108
Q

artificial dyes are derived from the hydrocarbon benzene and are collectively known as

A

aniline dye

109
Q

composition of artificial dye

A
  • chromophore
  • auxochrome
110
Q

color bearer/coloring property composition of Artificial dye

A

chromophore

111
Q

increaser/dyeing property of artificial dye

A

auxochrome

112
Q

composition of chromogen

A

benzene and chromophore

113
Q

sltn that can impart color temporarily

A

chromogen

114
Q

gives dyeing property of dye making it permanent

A

auaxochrome

115
Q

active coloring agent is found in the acid acomponent and the inactive base

A

acid dyes

116
Q

example of acid dye

A

picric acid

117
Q

active coloring substance is found in a basic component that combines with acid radical

A

basic dyes

118
Q

example of basic dye

A

methylene blue

119
Q

formed by combining aq solutions of acid and basic dyes, capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially

A

neutral dyes

120
Q

counter stain for cytoplasmic staining which is red in color

A
  • Eosin Y
  • Eosin B
  • Phloxine B
121
Q

counter stain for cytoplasmic staining which is yellow in color

A
  • Picric acid
  • Orange G
  • Rose Bengal
122
Q

counter stain for cytoplasmic staining which is green in color

A
  • Light Green SF
  • Lissamine green
123
Q

counter stain for Nuclear staining which is color red

A
  • Neutral Red
  • Safranin O
  • Carmine
  • Hematoxylin
124
Q

counter stain for Nuclear staining which is color blue

A
  • methylene blue
  • toluidine blue
  • celestine blue

HSTCYT1 (18 decks)

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