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HSTCYT1 > ALDEHYDE FIXATIVE > Flashcards

ALDEHYDE FIXATIVE Flashcards

1
Q

Chemically alter the tissue by binding with it and adding themselves to the tissue

A

Additive Fixative

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2
Q

Types of additive fixative

A

Formaldehyde
Mercuric chloride
Chromium trioxide
Picric acid
Glutaraldehyde
Osmium tetraoxide
Zinc Sulfate

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3
Q

Acts on tissue without chemically combining with it

A

Non-Additive Fixative

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4
Q

Examples of Non-Additive Fixative

A

Acetone
Alcohol

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5
Q

Historically defined as the killing, penetration, and hardening of tissues

A

Fixation

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6
Q

Currently defined as the alteration of tissues by stabilizing __

A

Protein

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7
Q

Funtions of Fixation

A
  • change the soluble contents of cells into insoluble structures
  • fixation stops autolysis putrefaction and decay
  • stabilize structures to maintain the proper relationship of cells and their stoma
  • Fixation enhances staining
  • hardens tissue making it firm for proper grossing and easy cutting of thin sections for processing
  • affects refractive index
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8
Q

Effects of Fixation

A
  • Safer handlingand processing
  • prevents bacterial decomposition
  • tissue resistance to the effect of subsequent processing
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9
Q

Chemically alter the tissue by binding with it and adding themselves to the tissue

A

Additive fixative

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10
Q

Examples of additive fixative

A

*Formaldehyde
*Mercuric chloride
*Chromium trioxide
*picric acid
*glutaraldehyde
*osmium trioxide
*zinc sulfate

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11
Q

Act on tissue without chemicallyvcombining with it

A

Non-additive fixative

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12
Q

Examples of non-additive fixative

A

*Acetone
*alcohol

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13
Q

Acts by creating a network that allows solutions to readily penetrate anterior of the tissue

A

Coagulant fixative

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14
Q

Examples of coagulant fixative

A

*zinc salts
*mercuric chloride
*picric acid
*ethyl alcohol
*methyl alcohol
*acetone

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15
Q

-create gel that makes it difficult to penetrate subsequent solutions
-sections should be cut thinly

A

Non-coagulant fixative

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16
Q

Section tissues should be cut very thinly

A

Non-Coagulant Fixative

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17
Q

Preserve specific cellular constituents

A

cytologic fixatives

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18
Q

What is the additive of nuclear fixatives

A

Glacial acetic acid

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19
Q

Ph of nuclear fixative with glacial acetic acid

A

4.6pH or less

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20
Q

What type of cytologic fixative is without glacial acetic acid

A

Cytoplasmic fixative

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21
Q

pH of cytoplasmic fixative

A

4.6pH or more

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22
Q

what type of cytologic fixative is with glacial acetic acid

A

Nuclear fixative

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23
Q

Fixative that preserve the chemical constituents of cells and tissue

A

Histochemical Fixative

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24
Q

Fixative that permits the general microscopic study of tissue structure without altering the structural integrity

A

Microanatomical Fixative

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25
Q

Factors affecting fixation

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Specimen size
  3. Volume ratio
  4. Type of tissue
  5. Time of fixation
  6. Penetration
  7. pH
    8.osmolality
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26
Q

Ideal fixative to specimen ratio

A

15-20:1

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27
Q

Ratio of osmium tetraoxide to specimen

A

5-10:1

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28
Q

Ratio of fixative for museum material

A

50-100:1

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29
Q

Temp at which fixation is mostly done

A

20-22C

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30
Q

temperature at which RNA is done

A

45C

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31
Q

Temp at which DNA is done

A

65C

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32
Q

Temperature at which formalin is heated for urgent Biopsy

A

60C

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33
Q

temp at which formalin is heated for tissue with TB

A

100C

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34
Q

Recommended specimen size

A

2cm^2 x 4mm

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35
Q

specimen size for electrom microscopy

A

1 to 2mm^2

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36
Q

specimen size for ung edema

A

1 to 2 cm

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37
Q

Types of tissues

A

A. Hollow organs
B. Air Filled Lungs
C. Human Brains
D. Whole Organs

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38
Q

2 methods to fix hollow organs

A
  1. Place cotton (submerged with fixative) in the hollow space of the organ
  2. Cut the organ
39
Q

what to do for air filled lungs

A

Place layers of gauze layering the tissue

40
Q

what solution is used to flush blood from the brain

A

Ringer’s Lactate solution

41
Q

What part of the brain do we use to tie string in a solution of fixative

A

Circle of Willis

42
Q

ideal time to perform fixation after the interruption of blood supply

A

20-30 mins

43
Q

formalin + alcohol

A

Formol Alcohol

44
Q

Tissue must not be immersed for no longer than

A

60 mins

45
Q

formalin produces a dark pigment which can obscure cellular detail at what pH?

A

Low pH

46
Q

recommended pH for fixation

A

6-8 pH

47
Q

What is the ideal osmolality of fixatives

A

Isotonic

48
Q

What osmolality is used as holding solution for frozen section and kidney biopsy

A

Isotonic solutin

49
Q

Fixation is retarded by:

A
  • size and thickness of tissue
  • presence of mucus
  • presence of fats
  • presence of blood
  • cold temp
50
Q

fixation is enhanced by:

A
  • size and thickness of tissue
  • agitation
  • heat
  • concentration and penetration
  • buffering
  • time interval
51
Q

what is used to flush mucus before fixation

A

Normal saline solution

52
Q

what is used to flush blood before fixation

A

Saline

53
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives

A

A. Formaldehyde
B. 10% Formol Saline
C. 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin or Phosphate - Buffered Formalin (pH7)
D. Formal-Corrosive (Formal-Sublimate)
E. Alcoholic Formalin/ Gendre’s Fixative/ Gendre’s Fluid
F. Glutaraldehyde

54
Q

Aldehyde Fixatives are used in what sections of the lab

A
  • routine paraffin sections
  • Electron Microscopy
  • histochemical and enzyme studies
55
Q

cheapest fixative

A

Formaldehyde

56
Q

Colorless gas commonly available at 37-40% solution in water

A

Formaldehyde

57
Q

Most widely used fixative in histopatology today

A

10% Formalin

58
Q

what can 10% formaldehyde preserve?

A

Lipid

59
Q

what can’t 10% formaldehyde preserve?

A

Carbohydrates

60
Q

Simple microanatomical fixative

A

10% formol saline

61
Q

10% formol saline is recommended for

A
  • central nervous tissue
  • genal post-mortem tissue
  • preserves enzymes and nucleo proteins
  • demonstrate fat and mucin
62
Q

formula of 10% formol saline

A
  • formadehyde, 40%
  • NaCl
  • Distilled H2O
63
Q

fixation time of 10% formol saline at 35C

A

24 hours

64
Q

fixation time of 10% formol saline at 20-25C

A

48 hours

65
Q

for preservation and storage of surgical post-mortem and research specimen

A

10% neutral buffered formalin or phosphate buffered formalin

66
Q

Formula of 10% neutral buffered formalin

A
  • Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
  • disodium hydrogen phostpahte
  • formaldehyde 40%
  • distilled H2O
67
Q

other name for 10% neutral bufferd formalin

A

Phosphate buffered formalin

68
Q

fixation time for 10% neutral buffered formalin

A

4-24 hours

69
Q

for routine post mortem tissues

A

Formal- corrosive or formol- corrosive

70
Q

Fixation for cytological structures and blood cell

A

Formal - corrosive

71
Q

fixation for neutral fats and phospholipids

A

Formal - corrosive

72
Q

Other name for formal - corrosive

A

Formal- sublimate

73
Q

Formula of formal-corrosive fixation

A

-Saturated aq. Mercuric chloride
-formaldehyde 40%

74
Q

fixation time of formal - corrosive

A

3-24 hours

75
Q

other name of alcoholic formalin

A

Gendre’s Fixative or Gendre’s Fluid

76
Q

for glycogen and micro incineration technique

A

Gendre’s fixative

77
Q

Fixative that is also for clearing

A

Formal - corrosive

78
Q

why is alcoholic formalin recommended for sputum

A

It coagulates mucus

79
Q

Advantage of alcoholic fixative

A
  • fxation will be reduced1/2 of he typical fixation time
  • for rapid diagnosis
  • fixing and dehydrating at the same time
80
Q

Formula of alcoholic formalin

A
  • 95% ethyl alcohol saturated with picric acid
  • strong formaldehyde solution
  • glacial acteic acid
81
Q

For electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry

A

Glutaraldehyde

82
Q

Small tissue fragments and needle biopsy

A

2.5% sltn

83
Q

Percent of. Concentration for Large tissues less than 4mm thick when using glutaraldehyde

A

4% solution

84
Q

Fixation time for glutaraldehyde for small specimens

A

30 mins - 2hrs

85
Q

Fixation time of glutaraldehyde for large tissues

A

6-8 hours up to 24 hours

86
Q

what nuclear structure does nuclear fixative preserve

A

chromosome

87
Q

glacial acetic acid destroys cytoplasmic elements such as _

A

golgi apparatus and mitochondria

88
Q

Preserves mucoploysaccharides

A

Histochemical fixative

89
Q

NUCLEAR FIXATIVES

A
  • FLEMMING’S FLUID
  • CARNOY’S FLUID
  • BOUIN’S FLUID
  • NEWCOMER’S FLUID
  • HEIDENHAIN’S SUSA
90
Q

CYTOPLASMIC FIXATIVES

A
  • FLEMMING’S W/O HAC
  • KELLY’S FLUID
  • FORMALIN WITH POST CHROMING
  • REGAUD’S FLUID (MULLER’S FLUID)
  • ORTH’S FLUID
91
Q

HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVES

A
  • FORMAL SALINE
  • ABSOLUTE ETHYL ALCOHOL
  • ACETONE
  • NEWCOMER’S FLUID
92
Q

form of secondary fixation whereby a primarily fixed tissue is placed in an aqueous solution of 2.5-3% potassium dichromate for 24 hours

A

post-chromatization

93
Q

process of removing excess fixative from the tissue after fixation in order to improve staining and remove artifacts from the tissues

A

washing out

94
Q

cross linking reagent

A

paraformaldehyde

HSTCYT1 (18 decks)

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