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HSTCYT1 > DECALCIFICATION > Flashcards

DECALCIFICATION Flashcards

1
Q

Injurious to the organic ground substance of the bone or other tissues

A

Acid solutions

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2
Q

How often are acid solutions changed

A

-once or twice until decalcifiyis completed

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3
Q

How often are acid solutions changed

A

-once or twice until decalcifiyis completed

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4
Q

Reagent volume and tissue ratio for decalcification

A

20:1

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5
Q

Ideal decalcification time

A

24-48 hrs

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6
Q

Decalcification time for dense bones

A

14 days or longer

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7
Q

Optimum temp for decalcification

A

18-30C

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8
Q

Examples of agitation

A
  • low speed rotation
  • stirring
  • introduction of bubbles
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9
Q

Temp in which tissues will undergo complete digestion

A

55C

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10
Q

temp in which it impairs nuclear staining with van gieson’s

A

37C

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11
Q

temp in which it reduced effectiveness of trichrome and PAS

A

37C

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12
Q

percentage of preparing nitric acid

A

5-10%

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13
Q

most common and fastest decalcifying agent

A

nitric acid

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14
Q

components of nitric acid

A

formaldehyde or alcohol and chromic acid

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15
Q

causes yellow spontaneous yellow discoloration (HNO2)

A

nitric acid

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16
Q

remedy of yellow discoloration

A

-neutralize with 5% NaSO4 > wash for 12 hrs
- add 0.1% urea

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17
Q

decalcifying and water softener

A

EDTA

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18
Q

decalcifying and softener

A

perenyi’s

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19
Q

removal of calcium ions from a bone or calcified tissue through histological processes that makes them flexible and easier to cut

A

decalcification

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20
Q

3 main types of decalcifying agents

A
  • strong mineral acids
  • weaker organic acids
  • chelating agents
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21
Q

10% aqueous nitric acid solution formula

A
  • conc. HNO3
  • dH2O
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22
Q

decalcification time of aq HNO3 sltn 10%

A

12-24 hrs

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23
Q

formol HNO3 formula

A

-concd. HNO3
- strong formaldehyde 40%
- dH2O

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24
Q

decalcification time of formol-HNO3

A

1-3 days

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25
Q

perenyi’s fluid formula

A

-HNO3
- chromic acid
- absolute ethyl alcohol

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26
Q

decal. time of perenyi’s

A

2-7 days

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27
Q

phloroglucin-HNO3

A
  • conc. HNO3
  • Phloroglucin
    Nitric acid 10%
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28
Q

decal time of phloroglucin

A

12-24 grs

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29
Q

most rapid decalcifying agent so far, recommended for urgent cases

A

Phlorogucin _ HNO3

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30
Q

inferior compared to HNO3 in its role as a decal agent because of its slower action and greater distortion of tissue produced on the decalcified section

A

HCl

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31
Q

solution recommended for surface decalcification of tissue blocks

A

1% HCl, 70% alcohol

32
Q

moderation of HCl recommended for teeth and small pieces of bones

A

von ebner’s

32
Q

fixative and decalcifying agent for post mortem research tissues

A

Formic acid

33
Q

for small and large pieces of bones and gentler on tissues

A

formic acid

34
Q

decalcification time for formic acid

A

2-7 days

35
Q

recommended for autopsy materials, bone marrow, cartilage and tissues studied for research purposes

A

Formic Acid - sodium citrate

36
Q

decalcification time for Formic acid - sodium citrate

A

3-14 days

37
Q

T/F FA-Sc requires neutralization with 5% sodium sulfate

A

T

38
Q

decal time for TCA

A

4-8 days

39
Q

does not require washing out and is a weak decalcifying agent, not used for dense tissues, and is suitable for only small spicules of bones

A

TCA

40
Q

very weak decal sltn suitable for minute pieces of bones

A

sulfurous acid

41
Q

fixative and decal agent for minute pieces of bones

A

chromic acid/ flemming’s

42
Q

environmental toxin

A

flemming’s

43
Q

permits excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and it does not produce cell or tissue distortion. However, action is too slow for routine purposes

A

Citric acid - citrate buffer

44
Q

substances that combine with Ca ions and other salts to form weakly dissociated complexes and facilitate removal of Ca salt

A

Chelating agents

45
Q

most common chelating agent

A

EDTA

46
Q

commercial name of EDTA

A

versene

47
Q

used as anticoagulant and H2O softener

A

EDTA

48
Q

pH of EDTA

A

7-8

49
Q

T/F Edta takes longer decalcification time - weeks rather than days

A

T

50
Q

how much EDTA is needed for 1g of bones

A

2-4 oz

51
Q

decal time of edta for small samples

A

1-3 weeks

52
Q

decal time of edta for dense cortical bones

A

6-8 weeks

53
Q

hastens decalcification by removing Ca ions by removing Ca ions from formic acid-containing decalcifying solutions, thereby increasing solubility from the tissue

A

Ion exchange resin

54
Q

resin used for ion exchange resin

A

ammonium-sulfonated polystyrene

55
Q

end point of ion exchange resin

A
  • x-ray
  • physical method
56
Q

reactivation of used resin

A
  • N/10 HCl (2x)
  • dH2O (3x)
57
Q

volume of ion exchange resin

A

20-30

58
Q

process whereby positively charged Ca ions are attracted to a negative electrode and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solution

A

electrophoresis

59
Q

sltn used for electrolytic decal

A
  • 88-90% Formic acid
  • conc. Hcl
  • dH2O
60
Q

time of decal is shortened d/t heat and electrolytic rxn produced in the process

A

electrophoresis

61
Q

temp for electrophoresis

A

30-45C

62
Q

post-decalcification treatment for washing out

A

running water: 30 mins to 1-4 hrs

63
Q

post-decalcification treatment for neutralization

A
  • 2% Li2CO3
  • 5-10% Na Bicarbonate
64
Q

post-decalcification treatment for frozen sectioning

A
  • acid- decalcified tissues —> water
  • store in formal - saline with 15% sucrose or
  • in phosphate-buffered saline with 15-20% sucrose
65
Q

at what temp should frozen sectioning for post-decalcification done

A

4C

66
Q

a method of dealing with small unexpected deposits of calcium that may be encountered in paraffin blocks

A

surface decalcification

67
Q

may cause resistance of gratings sensation in surface decalcification

A

small foci

68
Q

remedy for surface decal

A
  • reome block
  • place facedown on a pad of cotton of gauze saturated with 10% HCl for approx 1 hr
  • rinse with HCl, chill, then section
69
Q

other name for chemical test

A

Ca oxalate test

70
Q

cannot be used when radiopaque metallic salts have been used

A

x-ray

71
Q

x-ray cannot be used when _______ have been used

A

radiopaque metallic salts

72
Q

reagents for chemical test

A
  • 0.5 mL sat. aq. NH4 oxalate
  • 1% Na oxalate
73
Q

ppt of chemical testing

A
  • Ca oxalate
  • Ca hydroxide
74
Q

tissue softener that causes tissue to swell and become soapy

A

molliflex

75
Q

tissue softeners

A
  • perenyi’s
  • 4% aq. phenol
  • molliflex

HSTCYT1 (18 decks)

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