Stages &Planes of Anes & Monitoring

Question 1

muscle tone (lessens or strengthens) as anesthesia deepens

Answer 1

lessens

Question 2

it is recommended that patients in stage 3; phases 1 or 2 be monitored how often

Answer 2

every 5 min

Question 3

when is it recommended an animal be monitored continuously

Answer 3

plane 3 or higher, horses on inhalent (gas anes)

Question 4

ab how long induction period if anes given IV, or IM and gas

Answer 4

IV- <1min

IM or gas- several minutes

Question 5

which stages encompass the induction period

Answer 5

stages I and II

Question 6

what happens during stage I

Answer 6

concious, disoriented, decreased sensitivty to pain

Question 7

stage I is also called the period of

Answer 7

period of voluntary movement

Question 8

stage II is also called the period of

Answer 8

period of involuntary movement or excitment phase

Question 9

what happens during stage II

Answer 9

loss of conciousness; may vocalize, paddle, or struggle, acts like its “fighting” the anesthesia

Question 10

our goal is to pass which stage as quickly as possible

Answer 10

stage II

Question 11

how to produce a short excitment phase during stage II and a shorter stage in general

Answer 11

give a more rapid administration

Question 12

during which stage is the animal finally anesthetized

Answer 12

stage III

Question 13

which stage III plane: ok for intubation/ minor procedures, some pain still felt, reflexes present but slow, good muscle tone, normal pupil size

Answer 13

plane 1- light anesthesia

Question 14

which stage III plane: routine surgeries, HR/RR stable, many reflexes gone, eyes rotated ventromedial (crosseyed), pupils slightly dialated

Answer 14

Plane 2- medium anesthesia

Question 15

which stage III plane: too deep for most surgery, OK for orthopedic surgery, HR/RR decrease, decreased pulse strength, absent/depressed reflexes, increased CRT, dilated pupils

Answer 15

Plane 3- deep anesthesia

Question 16

what is the deepest plane we need to go

Answer 16

plane 3, no need to go any deeper

Question 17

which stage III plane: jerky respirations, decreased RR and HR, pale MM, eyes central and dilated

Answer 17

Plane 4- early anes overdose

Question 18

which stage: apnea, cardiovascular collapse, cyanotic MM, no reflexes, dilated pupils

Answer 18

Stage IV(4)- overdose

Question 19

what to do when an animal enters stage IV

Answer 19

start CPR

Question 20

what is seen in a normal recovery period (bodily changes)

Answer 20

shivering, swallowing, increased HR and RR, reflexes return

Question 21

if the recovery time is prolonged you should

Answer 21

flip from side to side(ventral side down when rolling)

Question 22

which vital signs to monitor every 5 min

Answer 22

HR and Rhythm, BP, RR, temp, reflexes

Question 23

most anes and pre anes cause bradycardia, which cause tachycardia

Answer 23

ketamine, telazol, atropine

Question 24

the minimal HR for dogs and cats

Answer 24

D= 70 bpm, cat= 100bpm

Question 25

what a pulse deficit means

Answer 25

no pulse for every heartbeat

Question 26

preanes and anesthetics that can cause arrythmias

Answer 26

xylazine, dexmedetomidine, barbiturates)

Question 27

how to feel apical pulse

Answer 27

feel chest and beat of heart

Question 28

thready v bounding pulse

Answer 28

weak v strong

Question 29

normal blood pressure

Answer 29

120mmHg/ 80 mmHg

Question 30

blood pressure is measured as a ratio of what

Answer 30

systolic (contraction of venticles) pressure / diastolic pressure(relax)

Question 31

blood pressure should be no less that ____ in dogs

Answer 31

90mmHg/ 60 mmHg

Question 32

direct means of measuring BP

Answer 32

arterial catheter inserted in artery (rare)

Question 33

indirect means of measuring BP

Answer 33

sphygmomonometer, doppler flow probe, CRT, MM color

Question 34

what is MAP (mean aterial pressure)

Answer 34

average pressure of complete cardiac cylcle

Question 35

what is the best indicator of blood perfusion

Answer 35

MAP

Question 36

how we calculate MAP

Answer 36

diastollic pressure + 1/3 (systolic - diastollic)

Question 37

drugs that lower BP

Answer 37

xylazine, dexmedetomidine, acepromazine (peripheral vasodialation)

Question 38

when not under anesthesia, what causes someone to breath?

Answer 38

high CO2 levels in blood | RR decreases bc CO2 has less influence over breathing

Question 39

RR shouldnt drop below

Answer 39

8 bpm (breaths per min)

Question 40

SpO2 normal | shouldnt be less than

Answer 40

norm= 97% | should be less than 95%

Question 41

signs animals isnt getting enough O2

Answer 41

high CO2 in blood, decreased SpO2, inceased RR, struggling (if too light)

Question 42

too much CO2 in blood and not enough O2 can cause

Answer 42

tachypnea (hyperventillation)

Question 43

what it means if respiratory rhythm is shallow and jerky

Answer 43

anes too deep or ariway is blocked

Question 44

length of inspiration v length of expiration

Answer 44

insp- 1-2 sec, exp- 2-4 sec | (1:2)

Question 45

what is a pulse oximeter? (what it measures)

Answer 45

measures SpO2- est. % of hemoglobin binding sites saturated w O2 (saturation of peripheral O2) also measures pulse w/ a plethysmograph, detects increase in volume as blood passes tho vessel

Question 46

what a capnograph is and what it measures

Answer 46

sensor on ET tube, CO2 levels breathed in and out (the CO2 expired closely resembles CO2 in blood)

Question 47

what a capnograph reading should be (insp v expiration)

Answer 47

insp- should be 0 | expiration should be 35-45(end tidal CO2)

Question 48

minimum body temp

Answer 48

95F

Question 49

why an animal w lower body temp takes longer to wake

Answer 49

slower metabolism of drugs

Question 50

what is alectasis, how do we prevent

Answer 50

collapse of alveoli caused by shallow breathing, prevent by bagging every 5min to inflate alveoli

Question 51

drugs that can cause hypothermia

Answer 51

ace, a2 ag

Question 52

who is most susseptible to hypothermia and why

Answer 52

old/ young- have poor thermoregulation

Question 53

drugs that can cause hyperthermia

Answer 53

opiods in cats, ketamine

Question 54

ways to treat hyperthermia

Answer 54

cool, give cold fluids, give 100% O2

Question 55

what is malignant hyperthermia, who is it seen in and why

Answer 55

extreme fever (105+) (and muscle rigidity), rare in d/c, seen in pigs due to genetic defect

Question 56

reflexes _____ with increasing anes depth

Answer 56

decrease

Question 57

earliest reflex to go

Answer 57

swallowing

Question 58

how to test pedal reflex

Answer 58

squeeze toe or webbing between toes, animal should withdraw leg if light enough

Question 59

how to test ear flick reflex

Answer 59

touch outer ear canal enterance, ear should flick if animal is light enough

Question 60

change in eyeball position from stage I and II to III to IV

Answer 60

I and II= central, III= ventromedial (desirable), IV= back to central position (bad sign)

Question 61

excitment phase usually longer in induction or recovery?

Answer 61

recovery