Opiods/ controlled substances Flashcards
opioids originally come from what plant
poppies (papaver somniferum)
Opioid mechanism of action
stimulate receptors in brain and spinal cord which would normally be stimulated by endorphines (bind to specific opioid receptors)
what are endorphins
natural pain killers
what opioids cause for patients
analgesia, sedation (no anesthesia)
The Mu opioid receptors cause
analgesia
the kappa opioid receptors cause
sedation and analgesia
the delta opioid receptors cause
analgesia
the sigma opioid receptors cause
hallucinations
what are “pure agonist” opioids
opioids that stimulate all the receptors
examples of pure agonists
fentanyl, morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone
what are partial agonists opdioids
only partially stimulate receptors (Buprenorphine)
what are agonist/antagonist opioids
stimulate some receptors, block others (Butorphanol)
difference between an agonist and antagonist
agonist stimulates, antagonist blocks
what opioids are used for
preanesthetic (less analgesia needed), as part of induction protocol (sed/anal), postoperative/ongoing analgesia, antitussive
can opioids be safely mixed with other agents
yes
desirable effects of opioid drugs
most effective analgesics, sedation in some (mostly dogs), antitussive
undesirable effects of opioid drugs (behvaiors)
may easily startle/reactive to noise, may cause excitement/bizarre behavior, esp if given IV (more so in cats and horses), high doses in dogs can cause narcosis.
For cats, how should you administer opioid drugs
IM, lower doses
define narcosis
a sleep-like state
define antitussive
anti-cough
undesirable effects of opioid drugs (objective bodily changes)
bradycardia, decreased RR/ tidal volume, hyperthermia (cats), hypothermia (dogs), miosis in dogs, mydriasis in cats (horses &ruminants), initial salivation vomit or diarrhea, GI stasis/constiation (repeated doses)
define a controlled substance
drug w potential for physical/psychological dependence/abuse
what administration oversees controlled substances
DEA (drug enforcement admin. of the us govern.)
what controlled substance schedule:
extreme potential for abuse, no known accepted medical use, only available to researchers
C-I
examples of C-1 drugs
heroin, LSD, marijuana
what controlled subs. schedule:
high potential for abuse/dependence, therapeutic value, highest schedule that can be purchased by a vet
C-II
examples of C-II drugs
morphine, pentobarbital, codeine
what controlled subs. schedule:
moderate potential for abuse/dependence, therapeutic value
C-III
examples of C-III drugs
Ketamine, Telazol, Pentothal, Tylenol w/ codeine, cough meds w codeine
what controlled subs schedule:
low potential
C-IV
examples of C-IV drugs
Diazapam, phenobarbital
What controlled subs schedule:
v low potential,subject to state/local regulations
C-V
examples of C-V drugs
LoMotil(decreases peristalsis for diarrhea), Robitussan w/ codeine)
