Pain Managment Flashcards
which agents inhibit transuction (senesation via nociceptors)
local anes, opiods, NSAIDs
which agents inhibit transmission along peripheral nerves
local anes, a2 agonists
which agents inhibit modulation of spinal pathway/ central sensitization
opiods, NSAIDs, NMDA antagonists, a2 agonists, local anes
which agents inhibit perception via brain
general anes, opiods, as agonists
bupivicaine and lidocaine examples of
differences?
local anesthetics
lidocaine= faster onset, lasts 2-3 hr
bupivicaine= lasts 4-8 hr
what NSAID stands for
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
mechanism of NSAID action (how they work)
inhibit inflammatory affects (edema, pain, etc) of prostaglandin by inhibiting enzymes involved in prostaglandin production
what NSAIDs do besides provide anti-inflammation
good for somatic pain, some visceral, antipyretic (fever reducer)
these 2 enzymes catalyze reactions that break down Arachidonic acid, making prostaglandins
COX-1 and COX-2
difference between prostaglndin formed by arachidonic acid broken down by COX-1 and COX-2
COX-1–> prostaglandin used for homeostatic funcitons
COX-2 –> for inflammation
inhibiting which enzyme, that helps form prostaglandin, gives the most analgesic effect
COX-2
side effects of NSAIDs (if inhibit COX1 and 2)
COX-1 isnt formed, prostaglandins for homeostasis not formed, animal prone to GI ulceration or GI bleeding bc weak mucousa, liver/renal disease, clotting inhibition
what is non-selective NSAIDs, examples?
inhibit COX-1 and 2; asprin, flunixin, meglumine, Ketorophen, phenylbutazone
what is a selective NSAID? examples?
only inhibit COX-2; carprofen, meloxicam, deracoxib, firocoxib, robenacoxib
NSAID safe for cats in renal failure
Meloxicam
NSAID for osteoarthritis pain in dogs and horses
Firocoxib
good NSAID for musculoskeletal pain w DJD, hip dysplasia, etc.
Carprofen
NSAID for cats in postoperative pain
Roberacoxib
meloxicam also usable for cats
what is acetaminophen? what animals can it be given to?
Tylenol (not an NSAID!) used in humans to reduce pain and fever.
dont give to animals, esp. cats. v toxic to cats
what a2 agonists cause (analgesia or sedation?)
both
natural pain killers that opiods act as
enorphins
syntetic opiods are called
example?
opiates
tramadol- activity on Mu receptors
these agents can inhibit the NMDA receptors responsible for wind-up pain
dissociatives (ketamine, tiletimine)
what phase general anesthesia inhibits
perception
what is Gabapentin
an anticonvulsant, was used as an anti-depressant in humans, provides analgesia against neurologic pain
we must wean animals off any analgesic drugs after prolonged use, why is this so important for Gabapentin
sudden stopage may result in seizures
what is CBD? what is THC?
CBD= 2nd most active ingredient in cannabis
THC= 1st most acitve
both in medical marijuana
which can be used on animals? medical marijauana, CBD oil, both?
CBD oil
pros of CBD oil
decreased pain, increased mobility, seizure control
what is crytherapy? pros?
cold therapy, decreases swelling and pain; use for acute trauma
what is thermotherapy good for
musculoskeletal pain, use for chronic conditions
what is physiotherapy, massage, and chiropractics (in terms of pain MGMT)
pros?
manual manipulation of joints, muscles, spine, etc. promotes mobility, increases range of motion
what is TENS
pros?
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,
use of electrical current to stimulate nerves; decreases pain esp. chronic musculoskeletal pain
how a theraputic laser is used for pain MGMT? pros?
light at certain wavelengths stimulates cells and increased blood circulation -> aids in healing, decreases pain
promotes wound healing
