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MSK 2023 > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Bony landmarks on spine

A 
Spinous process
Lamina 
Superior and posterior articular process (facet)
Pedicles
Transverse processes 
Superior and inferior notches
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2
Q

Main section of spine

A

Vertebral body

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3
Q

Hole in centre

A

Vertebral foramen

spinal cord goes here (cauda equina)

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4
Q

Spongey bone in vertebral body function

A

shock absorption
haemopoesis
reduces weight of spine

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5
Q

What do the lamina form?

A

Bony roof to vertebral foramen

connect transverse process to spinous process

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6
Q

What is created when lamina come together?

A

Spinous process

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7
Q

What do pedicles do?

A

Connects transverse process to vertebral body

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8
Q

Articular facets?

A

Articular cartilage

Joints between adjacent vertebrae

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9
Q

Largest joint

A

Between ventral bodies

Cartilaginous vertebral disc join vertebrae together

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10
Q

What do superior and inferior notch form?

A

Converted into foramina when vertebra are connect

Intervertebral foramina (spinal nerves leave here)

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11
Q

Spine ligaments

A

Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinal ligament
Supraspinous ligament

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12
Q

Problems with intervertebral disc joints between ventral bodies

A

Herniation of contents posterolaterally

Can compress spinal nerves emerging from intervertebral foramina

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13
Q

Synovial joints between vertebrae known as

A

Facet / zygapophyseal joint

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14
Q

Function of facet joints

A

prevents antero-posterior displacement of vertebrae

create intervertebral foramina

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15
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Full length of spine
Bind vertebral bodies and discs on anterior surface
Prevents hyperextension

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16
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Full length of spine
Prevents hyperflexion

weaker than anterior

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17
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

Joins adjacent lamina together
Yellow due to lots of elastic fibres
Prevents hyperflexion

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18
Q

Interspinal ligament

A

Weak fibrous
Joins adjacent spinous processes
Prevents hyperflexion

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19
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Full length of spine (strong white fibrous)
Connects tips of spinous processes
Prevents hyperflexion

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20
Q

Which ligament do you need to be most aware of and why?

A

Lumbar puncture

Ligamentum flavum will offer resistance to needle

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21
Q

Sections of spine

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum 
Coccyx
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22
Q

Anterior part of spine

A

Vertebral body

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23
Q

Posterior and lateral part of spine

A

Vertebral arch

spinous process, 2x transverse process, 2x pedicles, 2x lamina, 4x articular process

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24
Q

Functions of spine

A

Supports weight of skull, pelvis, upper limbs and thoracic cage
Protects spinal cord and cauda equina
Movement
Haemopoesis

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25
Q

Spinal curvature

A

Primary curvature = Kyphosis

Secondary curvature = Lordosis

26
Q

Primary curvature

A

kyphosis

retained throughout life in thoracic, sacral and coccygeal regions

27
Q

Kyphosis

A

ANTERIOR CONCAVE

lose lumbar kyphosis during crawling

28
Q

Lordosis

A

POSTERIOR CONCAVE

29
Q

secondary curvatures

A 
Lordosis 
1st =Cervival (lifting head)
THEN Lumbar (crawling/walking)
30
Q

Blood vessels within epineurium called

A

Vasa Nervorum

31
Q

Vertebrae column structure with number of vertebrae

A 
Cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5 (fused)
Coccygeal - 4 (fused)
32
Q

mobility of spine regions

A

Lumbar and Cervical - relatively mobile

Thoracic - limited mobility as joined to ribs via sternum

33
Q

Sacral structure

A

5 fused verterbrae

34
Q

Coccyx structure

A

4 fused vertebrae

35
Q

Primary curves

A

Kyphotic
Thoracic, sacral and coccygeal

(develop during foetal period)

36
Q

Secondary curves

A

Lordotic
Lumbar and Cervical
develop during childhood - lifting head and crawling

37
Q

Superior and inferior vertebral bodies articulating surfaces known as

A

Vertebral end plates (covered with hyaline cartilage)

38
Q

Size of vertebrae change

A

Increase in size from superior to inferior spine

dissipate force

39
Q

Transverse and spinous processes function

A

Attachment for muscles and ligaments to control vertebral bodies position
(lever arm, mechanical advantage)

40
Q

intervertebral discs parts

A 
Annulus fibrosus (peripheral)
Nucleus pulposus (central)
41
Q

Annulus fibrosus

A

Type 1 Collagen lamellar collagen in varying directions
Avascular and Aneural
Resists compression

42
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

Remenants of embryonic notocord
Gelatinous - type 2 collagen
Located posterior in adult
Acidic

43
Q

What is filum terminale?

A

Continuation of pia mater (conus medullaris to 1st coccyx segment)

longitudinal support to spinal cord

44
Q

Where does spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begin - medullary region

end - conus medullaris (L1/L2)

45
Q

Cervical vertebrae compared to cervical nerves

A

8 cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae

46
Q

Bone structure of vertebral body

A

90% cancellous bone = allows for haemopoesis, light, absorb force
10% cortical

47
Q

What does vertebral foramen contain?

A

Spinal cord, conus medullaris, cauda equina, meninges

epidural veins, spinal arteries

48
Q

Orientation of lumbar facet joints

A

Perpendicular to axial
45 degrees to coronal plane

allows flexion and extension

49
Q

What directions do each facets face?

A

Superior articular facet - posteromedially

Inferior facet joint - anterolaterally

50
Q

Movement at facet joints

A

Interlock

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation

51
Q

Types of joints in lumbar spine

A 
Fibrous/non mobile - sacroiliac
Secondary cartilaginous - intervertebral discs 
Synovial joints (very mobile) - facet joints
52
Q

Intervertebral discs made of

A

70% water
20% collagen
10% proteoglycans

(compress throughout day which makes us shorter)

53
Q

Where do infections occur spinal cord?

A

Disc side of endplate

Discs are avascular so more of a kinder environment for pathogens

54
Q

Anterior vs posterior ligaments spine

A

Anterior stronger than posterior

55
Q

Anterior ligaments

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament (anterior to vertebral body)

Posterior longitudinal ligament (posterior to vertebral body)

56
Q

Why do paracentral prolapses occur

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament stops prolapse occurring at posterior so comes out of lateral side

57
Q

Posterior ligaments

A

Supraspinous
Interspinous
Ligamentum flavum

58
Q

what happens to intervertebral discs as you age?

A

Dehydrate

= greater forces through facet joints

59
Q

What enables us to stand upright?

A

Pelvis is broader and more vertical

60
Q

Curves in adult

A 
5 (sinusoidal profile)
3 kyphosis (thoracic and sacococcygeal)
2 lordoses (cervical and lumbar)
61
Q

What happens to vertebral column in old age?

A

Secondary curvatures dissapear
Loss of disc height / osteoporotic fractures
Continous primary curvature (hunched over)

62
Q

What occurs during pregnancy?

A

Exaggeration of Lumbar Lordosis

MSK 2023 (55 decks)

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