Basic Concepts

Question 1

Name the components of MSK (3)

Answer 1

• Bones
• Muscle
• Connective tissue

Question 2

Functions of bone (6)

Answer 2

• Support - posture
• Protection ie skull and ribs
• Metabolic - homeostasis of calcium and phosphate
• Storage - bone marrow stores fat
• Movement - bones act as leavers which muscles attach to and contract to pull the bone
• Haemopoesis - extensively throughout skeleton in infants, axial skeleton in adults

Question 3

Functions of muscle (6)

Answer 3

• Locomotion (movement)
• Posture
• Metabolic (muscles store glycogen)
• Venous return (The muscles in the leg compress deep veins and help to propel venous blood back up towards the heart
• Heat production (shivering)
• Continence (pelvic floor muscles prevent urine and faeces escaping inappropriately)

Question 4

Connective tissue function (6)

Answer 4

Tendons - connect bone to muscle
Ligament - bone to bone
Fascia - compartmentalise muscle, protect
Cartilage - articular (decrease friction) fibrocartilage (shock absorption, help bones fit together)
Synovial membrane - secretes synovial fluid for joint and tendon lubrication to help the joint move freely
Bursa - synovial fluid filled sac (protect tendons, ligaments from friction)

Question 5

Bone surface features

Answer 5

Large prominences = powerful muscle will attach
Grooves - nerves
Notches (holes) - blood vessels
Foramina - holes to allow blood to enter

Question 6

Blood supply to bone

Answer 6

Diaphysis supplied by nutrient artery
Periosteum supplied by periosteal artery
Metaphysical arteries supply top

BONES DIE if not supplied with blood - important in fractures in femur

Question 7

Classification of joints

Answer 7

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 8

Fibrous joints

Answer 8

Collagen fibre joining bone
Limited mobility
Found where you need stability and strength - tooth socket, sutures skull

Question 9

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 9

Cartilage acts as glue
Limited mobility
Found at ends of growing bones, midline of adults

Question 10

Synovial joints

Answer 10

Capped by smooth articular (hyaline) cartilage
Synovial fluid separating
Highly mobile
Synovial membrane and fibrous cartilage membrane surrounds*

*continuous with periosteum

Question 11

Primary cartilaginous joints

Answer 11

Epiphyseal joints

Question 12

Secondary cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

Pubic symphysis

Question 13

Types of joint

Answer 13

Plane, hinge, pivot (pin in hole), saddle, condyloid (2 oval, no rotation), ball and socket

Question 14

Synovial joint development

Answer 14

Joints form within cartilage model
Cell death within cartilage
Gap = synovial joint
Some cartilage may be left for ligaments

Question 15

Class of levers

Answer 15

First class - scissors (effort one end, fulcrum centre, load end)
Second class - wheelbarrow (effort, load, fulcrum)
Third class - forceps (fulcrum, effort, load)

Question 16

Class of levers examples

Answer 16

First class - head on neck
Second class - standing on tip toes
Third class - holding arm out

Question 17

Origin point muscle

Answer 17

Stationary, proximal anchor point

Question 18

Insertion point muscle

Answer 18

Mobile, distal attachment point

Question 19

Muscle concepts

Answer 19

Contraction symmetrical (equal force on origin and insertion)
Muscles can only pull
Can only act on joints they cross
Muscles work together

Question 20

Type of contraction

Answer 20

Concentric - muscle shortens and pulls
Eccentric - muscle pulls while lengthening
Isometric - muscle pulls without changing length

Question 21

Facial compartments

Answer 21

Muscles are found within, share common innervation ad action

Question 22

Types of muscle

Answer 22

Parallel, fusiform, circular, trianglular, pennate (uni, bi, multi)

Question 23

How are skin creases created

Answer 23

Adhesion of skin to underlying fascia

Question 24

Tendon

Answer 24

Dense regular connective tissue, muscle to bone, poor blood supply

Question 25

Ligament

Answer 25

Dense regular CT, created by thickening of fibrous capsule, stop dislocation(limit movement), maintain arch of foot

Question 26

Aponeurosis

Answer 26

Sheet like tendons

Plantar fascia in foot - maintain arch

Question 27

Each fascia compartment has

Answer 27

Similar action, innervation, blood supply and nerve supply

Question 28

Innervation of joints (Hilton law)

Answer 28

Nerve that supplies muscle, which acts on a joint, is sensory to that joint and sensory to the skin overlying that muscle insertion

Question 29

How is the body segmented

Answer 29

Craniocaudal axis - Hox genes (postcode for body)

Question 30

Limb rotation in development

Answer 30

Upper limbs rotate OUT 90 degrees

Lower limbs rotate IN 90 degrees