Gait

Question 1

Define gait

Answer 1

Mechanism which the body is transported using co-ordinated movements of upper and lower limbs

Question 2

Phases of gait cycle

Answer 2

Stance phase (60%)
Swing phase (40%)

Question 3

Gait cycle definiton

Answer 3

period from initial contact to next initial contact on the same side

Question 4

5 important attributes for normal gair

Answer 4

Stability in stance
Foot clearance (swing)
Pre-positioning for initial contact
Adequate step length 
Energy conservation

Question 5

What is it called when both feet are in contact with the ground?

Answer 5

Double support phase

Question 6

What defines running?

Answer 6

When there is no double support

Instead, double float when both feet are off the ground

Question 7

What happens in sprinting?

Answer 7

Length of stance and swing phases swap

swing 60%, stance 40%

Question 8

Stance subdivision

ILMTP

Answer 8

Initial contact (normal heel strike)
Loading (absorb impact)
Midstance (foot flat)
Terminal stance (plantarflexed ankle)
Pre swing (metatarsophalangeal joint flex to push off)

Question 9

Swing subdivision

Answer 9

Initial swing (knee flexes to clear ground)
Mid swing (hip flexes and pelvis swings forward, dorsiflexion of ankle)
Terminal swing (knee extends)

Question 10

How is tilting of pelvis towards unsupported side prevented?

Answer 10

Gluteus medius and minimus (hip abductors)

Question 11

Stride

Answer 11

Distance from initial contact to the next initial contact with same leg

Question 12

Step

Answer 12

Distance from initial contact with one leg to initial contact with the other

Question 13

Cadence

Answer 13

Number of steps per minute

Question 14

Kinematics

Answer 14

Motions (joint angles, displacements)

Question 15

Kinetics

Answer 15

Forces and movements that cause motion

Question 16

Concentric

Answer 16

Muscles shorten (acceleration and power generation)

Question 17

Eccentric

Answer 17

Muscles lengthen (deceleration and shock absorption)

Question 18

Isometric

Answer 18

Stability

Question 19

Muscles used in initial contact

Answer 19

Tibialis anterior (dorsiflexed)

Question 20

Muscles used in terminal stance (plantarflexion)

Answer 20

Gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 21

How is energy conserved during gait cycle?

Answer 21

Maintaining centre of gravity
Momentum (eccentric muscles)
Transfer energy
Phasic muscle action (on then off action)

Question 22

Antalgic gait

Answer 22

Reduce pain
Limp
shorten stance phase in affected limb = shorten swing phase in unaffected limb

Question 23

Antalgic gait eased by

Answer 23

Walking stick in hand opposite to pain

Lean towards stick and reduce load through painful side

Question 24

Trendelenburg gait

Answer 24

Superior gluteal nerve affected

Gluteus minimus and medius fail - usually prevent pelvis dropping

Question 25

Actions trendelenburg gait

Answer 25

Pelvis drops on unaffected side (rises on affected) | Pelvis swings towards affected side = waddle

Question 26

Hemiplagic gait cause

Answer 26

paralysis of one side of body | stroke, cerebral palsy

Question 27

Hemiplagic gait action

Answer 27

Spasms on affected side - constant contraction of upper leg flexor muscles and lower leg extensor muscles = stiff CIRCUMDUCTION (swing) affected leg round

Question 28

Diplegic gait

Answer 28

Spascity affects both limbs | Hip adductors spasms cause scissoring

Question 29

High steppage gait

Answer 29

Foot drop - Weakness of dorsiflexion | Have to flex hip more to lift foot off ground

Question 30

Causes foot drop

Answer 30

Common peroneal nerve problems Sciatica Neuromuscular disease

Question 31

Muscle not working in foot drop

Answer 31

Tibialis anterior (no eccentric action when placing foot down dor initial contact so SLAPS down)

Question 32

Flick associated with deep peroneal nerve damage (supplies anterior leg)

Answer 32

Eversion flick | no high steppage

Question 33

Parkinsonian gait

Answer 33

``` Difficult to initiate movement Flex neck and trunk forwards = forward COG Shuffling Festinant = accelerate Loss of arm swing ```

Question 34

Ataxic gait causes

Answer 34

``` Proprioceptive (loss of sense of position of joints) Cerebellar disease Vestibular damage (damage to balance organs in ear) ```

Question 35

Cerebellar disorders causes

Answer 35

Inherited Acquired (stroke) Alcohol intoxication

Question 36

Ataxic gait character

Answer 36

``` Clumsy staggering broad based arms outwards swaying cant do heel to toe ``` DRUNK