Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

C&M > spinal cord and nerves > Flashcards

spinal cord and nerves Flashcards

1
Q

how would a lesion in Broca’s left side present and why?

A

fainting, unconscious, loss of speech, able to print with left hand but right hand paralysed and arm weak. This is because in most people the left Broca’s area is responsible for articulation of speech and the lateral inferior pre central gyrus near L Broca is for motor control initiation and controls the RHS meaning that a lesion could spread here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what supplies Brocas area and pre-central gyrus?

A

the middle cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which areas of the pre-central gyrus control the face and hands?

A

lateral is the hands and inferior is the face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what comprises a) the CNS and b) the PNS?

A

a) brain and spinal cord

b) spinal nerves and cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

there is the somatic nervous system which controls the external actions of the skin and muscles and the autonomic which controls the internal activities of the glands and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is the autonomic nervous system divided?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is grey matter?

A

it is made of cell bodies of neurons and therefore in the CNS is nuclei and outside is ganglia - it contains many synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the cortex?

A

it is the outer layer of the hemispheres that is columns of grey matter neurons with white matter underneath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where else in the CNS is grey matter found?

A

inside of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why is white matter white?

A

due to myelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is white matter in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS is tracts or fasciculi and PNS is bundles or nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where else in the brain is grey matter?

A

it is where there are lots of collections of cell bodies in the deep brain such as the putamen, caudate nucleus and the globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is myelin?

A

it is a glial sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column?

A

to contain and protect the spinal cord and the beginning of the spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is unique to C1 and 2?

A

C1 - atlas

C2 - dens and axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the structure of the column?

A 
7 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral fused 
3/4 coccygeal fused 
body anterior and the spinous process is posterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a vertebral arch made of?

A

spinous process, pedicle and lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens with the spinous process of thoracic vertebrae?

A

they overlap with the inferior vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens towards the caudal end of the vertebral column?

A

the spinal cord narrows and ends before the column does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord?

A

a means of transmitting information between the periphery and the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the origin and insertion of spinal cord?

A

it runs from the medulla of the brainstem which is attached to the cerebrum to LI/LII at the conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does the spinal cord exit the skull?

A

at the level of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happens at the level of the medullary cone?

A

there is a bunch of spinal nerves leaving from that region - Lumbosacral enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are enlargements?

A

they are where the cord gives rise to nerves that innervate the upper and lower limbs such as the LSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what happens at the LSE?

A

cords hangs lower due to the cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the filum terminale?

A

it is an extension of pia mater that attaches the cord to the coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how would the spinal cord be seen?

A

dissect the dural sac and meninges inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how many segments and spinal nerves do we have?

A

31 - pair of nerves defined by segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where is the conus medullaris?

A

from L1 to L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where does the dural sac extend to?

A

it is a sac of meninges that extends to S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is a cistern?

A

it is an expansion of subarachnoid space with CSF in it - lumbar surrounds the cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how does CSF reach the spinal cord?

A

it leaves the brain through the medial and lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle and travels through subarachnoid space to bathe the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what innervates the upper limb?

A

the brachial plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what innervates the lower limb?

A

lumbosacral enlargement from L1-S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the transition point?

A

spinal nerves leave above their corresponding vertebrae until C7 - spinal nerve 8 must leave below this and from then downwards the spinal nerves leave below their vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the intervertebral foramen for?

A

exit point for all spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is at C1-C8?

A

brachial plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the cauda equina made of?

A

dorsal and ventral roots of the lower lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the meningeal layers of the spinal cord?

A

dura, arachnoid and pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are potential spaces?

A

when they are not really real spaces - only something contained there when pathological - epidural in cranium (bleeding = pathological) and subdural in both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the subarachnoid space and epidural space in SC?

A

in SC epidural is fat filled so is a real space

subarachnoid is filled with CSF in both parts so real

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are denticulate ligaments?

A

they are extensions of pia mater that attach the spinal cord to the outer meninges and secure it laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

where are lenticular ligaments?

A

they are between exits of spinal nerves

44
Q

what secures the SC inferiorly?

A

the filum terminale

45
Q

what happens as spinal nerves leave the cord?

A

they acquire layers of meninges - pia then arachnoid then dura

46
Q

what are the components of dura?

A

in cranium there is outer periosteal and inner meningeal and in the SC there is only inner meningeal as a layer of dura around the spinal cord

47
Q

what is the epineurium?

A

a protective outer sheath of connective tissue that is made of meningeal coverings over the spinal nerves

48
Q

what is the periosteal layer of the cranial dural mater continuous with?

A

the periosteum exterior

49
Q

where does S1 travel with respect to the vertebrae?

A

below the vertebrae

50
Q

why is the column longer than the cord?

A

bones grow faster than the cord and the cord also regresses continuously

51
Q

how does the S1 nerve travel dow?

A

within the dural sac in the lumbar cistern to exit below the respective spinal vertebrae

52
Q

what is the cauda equina?

A

it is all the spinal nerves that exit below the sacral level collectively

53
Q

why do the cervical nerves leave close to their origin respectively?

A

because the cervical segment at the top is close to the vertebrae

54
Q

what happens with the dural sac during development?

A

the dural sac will grow along the vertebrae but not the spinal cord resulting in changes in cord length

55
Q

what is lumbar puncture?

A

it is inserting a needle into the ligamentum flavum through the space in between the vertebrae lamina to reach the foetal sac and acquire a sample of CSF

56
Q

why is lumbar puncture done?

A

to identify infectious diseases, RNC in the CSF due to subarachnoid haemorrhage and meningitis

57
Q

where is the safest place for a lumbar puncture?

A

between L4 and L5 however there are anatomical variations and therefore must be aware of where the cord ends

58
Q

where is the needle for lumbar puncture inserted?

A

into the lumbar cistern - the nerves will move away

59
Q

what is epidural anaesthesia?

A

when the needle is inserted into the epidural space and does not pierce the epidural layer - goes through the sacral hiatus

60
Q

what are the posterior and anterior lateral sulci?

A

they are exit routes for the spinal nerves

61
Q

what are the anterior and posterior median fissure and sulci?

A

they are grooves along the anterior or posterior spinal cord that separate them into parts

62
Q

what do the vertebral arteries give rise to?

A

the posterior and anterior spinal arteries

63
Q

where do segmental arteries come ffrom?

A

the aorta

64
Q

how do medullary arteries arise?

A

the aorta reaches a level of the spinal nerve and branches segmental which branches into medullary

65
Q

what do the medullary arteries supply?

A

the nerves and give rise to the radicular for the roots of the nerves

66
Q

what does the segmental artery branch into?

A

the lateral sacral, vertebral, posterior intercostal, lumbar and deep cervical arteries

67
Q

where is the grey matter in the brain and SC?

A

brain on the outside and inside in the spinal cord

68
Q

what horns of grey matter are there in the SC?

A

dorsal, ventral and lateral

69
Q

where is lateral grey matter in the SC?

A

between T1 and L2 and S2 and S4

70
Q

how is white matter organised in the SC?

A

into columns

dorsal lateral and ventral white columns

71
Q

what is the ventral white commissure?

A

the SC equivalent of the brains corpus callosum

it is a area of white matter fibres that connect the left and the right

72
Q

what is the PNS?

A

it is all connections outside of the brain and spinal cord

73
Q

what are sensory fibres?

A

they are afferent fibres that send information into the CNS

74
Q

what are motor fibres?

A

they are efferent fibres that send information away from the CNS

75
Q

how are nerves made?

A

rootlets form roots form nerves

76
Q

where do the ventral and dorsal rootlets come from?

A

ventral from the anterolateral sulcus and dorsal from the posterolateral sulcus

77
Q

how is a segmental spinal nerve made?

A

each spinal level gives rise to one pair of spinal nerves - the ventral rootlets make the ventral root and dorsal the dorsal root and ganglion, these roots join to make a segmental spinal nerve

78
Q

how is the CNS attaches to the PNS?

A

via its nerve rootlets

79
Q

how does information from a sensory receptor result in an action?

A

sensory information from a peripheral receptor travels via a spinal nerve fibres (afferent sensory) to cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion. Central processes here extend using the dorsal root to enter the grey matter dorsal horn in spinal cord. Motor information is then sent to cell bodies in the ventral horn (somatic motor) via spinal nerves using the ventral root to the muscle

80
Q

where are visceral cell bodies found and what does this use?

A

in the lateral horn - also grey matter and also makes use of the ventral horn

81
Q

why is a reflex arc important?

A

we may need to move immediately and therefore there is not enough time for the entire spinal communication and need to use the reflex arc.

82
Q

what happens in the reflex arc?

A

the sensory neuron travels using the spinal nerve and enters the cord dorsally. It then uses interneurons which communicate one neuron with another and goes straight to cell body for motor neuron and then immediately to axon using ventral root to contact muscle

83
Q

where is there a high amount of white matter?

A

as you go up the SC - all white matter has to pass through cervical segments to reach the cortex

84
Q

where is there a high amount of grey matter?

A

ventrally in the cervical and lumbar enlargements compared to thoracic - need cell bodies to innervate limbs

85
Q

what are the two dorsal columns of grey matter?

A

above T6 there is the cuneate and gracile fascicle

86
Q

where is the gracile fascicle in relation to cuneate?

A

cuneate is lateral and gracile is medial

87
Q

what is the grey matter structure in the thoracic segments?

A

small ventral grey horn and lateral grey horn

88
Q

how does the medulla oblongata end?

A

as a tubercle

89
Q

how does sensory information reach brain?

A

travels from SC into medulla

90
Q

what do fascicles and tubercles contain?

A

fascicles contain axons and tubercles cell bodies

91
Q

how is spinal cord grey matter organised?

A

regionally specialised

Rexed’s Laminae - sites of sensory or motor nuclei

92
Q

how long do the rexed lamina extend for?

A

varying length of cord

93
Q

where is the marginal zone nucleus?

A

it is in the whole cord and is lamina I - it is for spinothalamic tract cells

94
Q

what is the substantia gelatinosa?

A

it is throughout the whole cord and is lamina II - it is for pain and temperature

95
Q

what is the nucleus proprius?

A

it is lamina III-IV and is throughout the whole cord - it is for general sensory processing

96
Q

how is rexed lamina VII arranged?

A 
into three nuclei
intermedio-lateral nucleus;
1. from T1-L3 - sympathetic neurons 
2. from S2-S4 - parasympathetic neurons 
third nucleus is Clarke's nucleus and this is from C8-L3 for dorsal spinocerebellar tract cells 
VII lamina is for visceral motor
97
Q

how is rexed lamina IX arranged?

A

three nuclei

  1. motor nuclei - extends throughout the whole cord and is for motor neurons
  2. phrenic nucleus - from C3-C5 for motor for the diaphragm
  3. accessory nucleus - medulla to C5 - motor - SCM and the trapezius
98
Q

how does voluntary information travel?

A

from the brain down the spinal cord

99
Q

where does specific sensory information travel through?

A

the dorsal columns

100
Q

what is the spinothalamic tract for?

A

specific sensory information specific to crude touch, pain and temperature

101
Q

what are the four columns of major ascending and descending tracts in the SC?

A

dorsal column, spinothalamic tract, then ventral, and the lateral corticospinal tract

102
Q

what is the dorsal column for?

A

joint position sense, pressure, vibration and fine touch

103
Q

what is the spinothalamic tract for?

A

crude touch, pain and temperature

104
Q

what are the ventral and lateral corticospinal tracts for?

A

voluntary movement

105
Q

are the four columns ipsilateral or contralateral for sensory/motor to body?

A

the lateral corticospinal and dorsal column is ipsilateral

the ventral corticospinal tract and the spinothalamic is contralateral

C&M (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions