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C&M > forebrain and ventricles > Flashcards

forebrain and ventricles Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ventricular system comprised of?

A

white matter, grey matter and spaces that is an organised 3D collection of structures

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2
Q

when the brain is cut into coronal section what is seen?

A

depends on where the cut is made
through frontal: anterior to brainstem and therefore see it intact and see the temporal lobe, lateral ventricles and corpus callosum
if cut through centre then cut through brainstem and therefore can see the grey matter structures of the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the frontal or parietal lobe
if cute through back then can see the back of cerebellum and the parietal lobe

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3
Q

what can be seen in a sagittal section of the brain?

A

cortex and white matter
if it is medial then can see the C shape which is the ventricular system and the deep nuclei of grey matter
if it is mid sagittal then can see the corpus callosum, diencephalon, middle of midbrain, pons and medulla

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4
Q

what will you see in a horizontal slice of brain?

A

anything C shaped will appear twice, can see grey matter structures and cavities - corpus callosum will be anteriorly and posteriorly
inferior - part of the occipital and temporal lobe
middle - midbrain

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5
Q

what is the cerebrum for?

A

it is for associating words with colours, structures, tastes and smell - memorising, integrating, learning and understanding

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6
Q

what functions are the brainstem for?

A

primitive functions

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7
Q

what is the structures of the cerebrum?

A

it is the forebrain and therefore derived from the prosencephalon - it consists of two parts - the outer brain or cerebral hemisphere from the telencephalon and the inner from the diencephalon. Together they are responsible for higher level processing

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8
Q

what develops into the ventricular and nervous system?

A

dilations of the neural tube.

the tissue around the vesicles develops into the nervous system and the spaces into the ventricular system.

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9
Q

what develops into the hemispheres?

A

two lateral swellings of the telencephalon develop into them and are linked by the lamina terminalis

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10
Q

why is there C shaped cerebral hemispheres with squished diencephalon in centre?

A

the tissue around the telencephalon grows faster than everything else and obscures the diencephalon and overgrows the rest of the neural tube - first vesicle growing faster results in folding and inner and outer layer

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11
Q

what is the telencephalon in development?

A

two swellings either side of the midline connected by the lamina terminalis

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12
Q

what does the lamina terminalis develop?

A

the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure

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13
Q

what is the lumen of the neural tube filled with?

A

fluid - CSF

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14
Q

what shape are the lateral ventricles?

A

they are a C shape from the frontal to the occipital and temporal lobes

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15
Q

what is in the diencephalomn?

A

the thalamus, hypothalamus and a very small space - third ventricle

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16
Q

where is the fourth ventricle?

A

it is a diamond shaped space found between the pons, medulla and cerebellum and continues with the canal and spinal duct

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17
Q

where is the anterior most part of the ventricular system and what is this?

A

the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle and is found in the frontal lobe

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18
Q

what is the antrum and the body?

A

the body extends from the frontal through parietal and the antrum meets with the posterior horn in the occipital lobe

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19
Q

where is the inferior horn?

A

in the temporal lobe

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20
Q

what are the connects between ventricle for and what are they?

A

for the flow of CSF - lateral to third is the interventricular foramen and third to fourth is the cerebral aqueduct

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21
Q

what happens to fluid in the fourth ventricle?

A

it leaves via the lateral or median apertures or through the central canal and is allowed to bathe in the subarachnoid spaces

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22
Q

what is the course of the lateral ventricle?

A

it follows the lobes of the brain

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23
Q

why are many structures of each hemisphere C shaped?

A

the telencephalon folds over the developing diencephalon and as a consequences many internal structures are C shaped as well

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24
Q

when is the 5 vesicle stage?

A

5 weeks post conception and consists of the lateral, third and fourth ventricle, cerebral aqueduct and the central canal

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25
Q

what are the names for the lateral and median apertures of the fourth ventricles?

A

the media is the foramen of Magendie and the lateral are the formaina or Luschka

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26
Q

where is the third ventricle?

A

between the two thalami

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27
Q

what is contained within the ventricles that produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus - collection of blood vessels and specialised cells

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28
Q

what is the function of CSF?

A

floats around the ventricles and the subarachnoid space to give buoyancy, support, shock absorption and transport of waste and nutrients - once left fourth will bathe structures of the CNS up and down

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29
Q

what happens to the CSF eventually?

A

drains into the venous system via arachnoid granulations/villi and into sinuses predominately the superior sagittal sinus

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30
Q

what is a cistern?

A

where the subarachnoid space is expanded

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31
Q

what is the largest cistern?

A

the magna - at end of fourth ventricle

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32
Q

where is the quadrageminal?

A

posterior to the colliculi of the midbrain

33
Q

where is the safest level of the CNS to insert the needle for lumbar puncture?

A

the lumbar cistern - expands below level of the spinal cord with lots of CSF to sample

34
Q

what is CSF composed of?

A

it is blood derived but a clear, colourless fluid - it contains glucose, inorganic salts a few cells and little protein

35
Q

where does the spinal cord end and what structure is just prior to the end?

A

T12-L3 level

conus medullaris

36
Q

what is found at the end of the lumbar cistern?

A

the end of the dural sac and then the filum terminale

37
Q

what is the other name for the interventricular foramen?

A

the foramina of monroe

38
Q

what is the course of the superficial veins?

A

into the superior sagittal sinus then the confluence of sinuses, transverse, sigmoid and then IJV

39
Q

what else joins the confluence of sinuses?

A

deep veins - internal cerebral veins - great vein of Galen - straight sinus - confluence

40
Q

how much CSF is produced per day?

A

around 500ml. Around 150ml in an adult

41
Q

what causes blockage of CSF and what can this result in?

A

problems with production, circulation or reabsorption and in babies the skull is not fused and therefore it accumulates up stream of the blockage. This causes hydrocephalus and needs to be drained

42
Q

what is the diencepahlon composed on?

A

the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus

43
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

temperature and BP regulation from the autonomic NS - several nuclei

44
Q

what is the role of the epithalamus?

A

endocrine - melatonin for the sleep wake cycle - also includes pineal glad

45
Q

what is the role of the subthalamus?

A

it is for movement

46
Q

what is the position of each of the parts of the diencephalon in relation to the thalamus?

A

epi - on the thalamus
sub - below and lateral to the thalamus
hypo - below

47
Q

what is the role of the thalamus?

A

it is made up of several nuclei - relay station between parts of the CNS

48
Q

what is the development of the diencephalon?

A

the diencephalon appears as a swelling of the lateral aspect of the central canal. As the swellings develop the lumen of the central canal diminishes and dorsally the thalamus forms and ventrally the hypothalamus.

49
Q

what is the role of the thalamus?

A

it is a relay centre that receives information, processes it and sends it to the appropriate place (cortex could be sharply defined or diffuse)- sensory processing except olfaction and motor connections through the basal ganglia or cerebellum

50
Q

what is the structure of the thalamus?

A

it is an large, bilateral egg shaped structure that is composed of grey matter in the form of collection of nuclei of specific functions - it sits on top of the brainstem with the 3rd ventricle wedged between the two thalami

51
Q

what do the VPL and VPM do?

A

these thalamic nuclei deal with receiving somatosensory information

52
Q

what is the route between the thalamus and cortex?

A

thalamiccortical projections

53
Q

where is each sensory input received in the thalamus?

A

looking laterally

superiorly - anterior nuclear group and medial nuclear group, and then more inferiorly is the lateral nuclear group

54
Q

where does the anterior nuclear group do to?

A

to the cingulate nucleus

55
Q

where does the medial nuclear group do to?

A

to the prefrontal cortex

56
Q

what does the lateral nuclear group comprise of?

A

from anterior to posterior:
ventral anterior then ventral lateral nucleus
then ventral posterior medial below ventral posterior lateral
then lateral geniculate and then medial geniculate below the pulvinar
above VL is the lateral dorsal and above VPL is the lateral posterior

57
Q

where do the VA and VL nuclei go?

A

VA - premotor cortex

VL - primary motor cortex

58
Q

where does the VPL and VPM go?

A

to the somatosensory cortex

59
Q

where do LG and MG go?

A

LV to visual cortex and MG to auditory cortex

60
Q

what is the corpus striatum?

A

it is internal structures of grey matter or nuclei of each cerebral hemisphere that is part of the basal ganglia and involved in motor control

61
Q

what comprises the corpus striatum?

A

around the edges are the C shaped caudate nuclei attached to the putamen with cellular bridges. Inside the putamen is the globus pallidus internus and externus

62
Q

what is the combined name of the GP and putamen?

A

lentiform nucleus

63
Q

medially of the CS is the GP. Why is this paler?

A

it has myelinated fibres passing through it

64
Q

what course does the caudate nucleus folow?

A

they span from the lobes of the brain and acquire the space of hemispheres

65
Q

what connects the caudate and lentiform nuclei?

A

cellular bridges

66
Q

where is the CN in relation to lateral ventricles?

A

the head and the body is inferior to the ventricles (form the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle) and the tail is superior - roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

67
Q

when can the GP not be seen ?

A

in the sagittal plane as it is medial

68
Q

what are the three types of subcortical fibres in the white matter of the hemispheres?

A

association, commissural and projection

69
Q

what is the function of association fibres?

A

they interconnect areas within a hemisphere and adjacent gyri within a hemisphere

70
Q

what is the order of the corpus callosum from anterior to posterior?

A

the rostrum, genu, body, splenium

71
Q

what is the role of commissural fibres?

A

they interconnect areas between hemispheres

72
Q

what are two examples of commissural fibres?

A

the corpus callosum - great cerebral fissure and the anterior commissure - rostral commissure

73
Q

what can be seen in a horizontal plane of brain?

A

the genu and splenium of the CC

74
Q

what of the CC can be seen in a coronal section?

A

the body

75
Q

what is the function of projection fibres?

A

to interconnect the cerebrum with the rest of the CNS

76
Q

What comprises the projection fibres?

A

the corona radiata (as approach cortex) and the internal capsule

77
Q

what is the course of the internal capsule?

A

will pass between the head of the caudate and lentiform nucleus - connects to the crus cerebri (cerebral peduncles, anterior pons and pyramids of medulla

78
Q

what is the commisural temporal lobe connection?

A

the anterior commissure - origin is the lamina terminalis

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