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C&M > localisation > Flashcards

localisation Flashcards

1
Q

what is on either side of the central sulcus?

A

pre and post central gyri

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2
Q

what is the specialisation of the cortex?

A

it is highly folded, and heavily divided into layers of cells - six layers with different cells

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3
Q

what does the function of the cells depend on?

A

where in the brain they are found determines how they are specialised

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4
Q

where is the precentral gyrus?

A

primary motor cortex

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5
Q

what is in the primary motor cortex

A

large neurons that are specialised for efferent axons for motor control

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6
Q

what are cells in the primary sensory cortex specialised for?

A

to receive sensory information

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7
Q

what does ageing and degenerative conditions result in?

A

decrease in thickness

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8
Q

what is the result of sulci in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

divides it into lobes and gyri such as the central and lateral sulcus

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9
Q

what is in the cerebral cortex?

A

it varies in thickness from 2-4mm and is heavily folded to increase surface area - over half of surface area is hidden by walls of sulci and there is a laminar arrangement from I - VI

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10
Q

where is the pre and post central gyrus?

A

anterior and posterior to the central sulcus

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11
Q

what is the course of the frontal and temporal sucli and gyri?

A

there is superior and inferior sulci and superior, middle and inferior gyri

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12
Q

what is the cingulate sulcus?

A

surrounding gyrus above the corpus callosum - C shaped

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13
Q

what sulcus is in the temporal love?

A

the collateral sulcus

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14
Q

where is the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

hook around itself to form bump called uncus

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15
Q

what makes a T junction with the parito-occipital sulcus?

A

the calcarine sulcus

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16
Q

what is the structure of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

it is s dense core of white matter with an overlying thin layer of grey matter

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17
Q

what is the limbic lobe?

A

it is a C shaped area of grey matter that is known as the fifth lobe - it is part of the limbic system and is a rim surrounding the diencephalon for emotional and memory systems

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18
Q

what is at the underside of the frontal lobe and what is its function?

A

the olfactory bulb - is connects with the frontal tract which eventually brings information about smell to area surrounding the uncus - primary olfactory area that processes information about smell

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19
Q

what is special about smell?

A

it is the only sense that does not go through the thalamus to the cortex

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20
Q

how is the brain split?

A

Broadmanns areas - the anatomical subdivisions are based on cellular composition and function of areas

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21
Q

what are primary projection areas?

A

they are for receiving sensory information and are the first things to send motor command - the pre central gyrus will start the motor command and send signals to effector muscles
they are sensory areas where specific sensory pathways terminate - perceived sensation

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22
Q

what are the association secondary areas for?

A

they interpret information - they give meaning and understanding to information and will generate sequence to initiate movements

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23
Q

what does a cortical map divide the cortex into?

A

46 areas

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24
Q

what does the primary motor cortex control? (BA4)

A

voluntary control of specific muscles

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25
Q

how is the PMC organised?

A

somatotopically

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26
Q

what types of sensory sensation are there are what area in the primary projection areas are these found?

A

general sensory (somaesthetic) - post central gyrus
visual - either side of the calcarine sulcus in the striate cortex
auditory - Heschl’s gyrus in the superior temporal gyri
olfactory - uncus
gustatory - inferior post central gyrus

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27
Q

what sensation is there for motor areas in the primary projection areas?

A

there are specific motor pathways that originate in the PPAs

primary motor cortex - precentral gyrus

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28
Q

what is the function of the secondary sensory areas in the association areas?

A

the receive input from the primary sensory areas and are involved in interpretation and understanding

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29
Q

what is the function of the secondary motor ares in association areas?

A

send output to primary motor areas and organise patterns of movement

30
Q

what areas are used in secondary sensory area sensations?

A

general - superior parietal lobe
visual - pre striate area
auditory - lateral fissure / superior temporal gyri

31
Q

what areas are used in secondary motor area sensations?

A

premotor area - anterior to precentral sulcus on lateral surface
supplementary motor area - anterior to the precentral sulcus on the medial surface
frontal eye field - anterior to premotor

32
Q

what is BA 6?

A

supplementary motor and premotor association motor areas
anterior to the primary motor cortex
it is for learned complex motor activities - storage of those activities

33
Q

what is BA 8?

A

the frontal eye field - frontal lobe - control voluntary scanning movements of the eye

34
Q

what are BA 44/45?

A

they are Brocas area
inferior frontal gyrus (dominant hemisphere is left)
regulates pattern of breathing and vocalisation needed for normal speech

35
Q

what is the primary motor cortex for?

A

to send information to contract a muscle and is organised somatotopically - specific areas of the gyrus will control specific areas of the body

36
Q

what are the two main association motor areas?

A

the supplementary and the premotor - they generate sequences for specific motor patterns and store information for learned complex motor patterns - all anterior to the pre central gyrus

37
Q

what is brocas area for?

A

breathing pattern and speech - specific muscles of the tongue, jaw and mouth and breathing muscles for speech - motor

38
Q

what happens if there is injury to any areas of brocas?

A

apraxia - not paralysis just cannot perform fine motor controlk

39
Q

what are BA 3,2 and 1?

A

the primary somatosensory cortex - post central gyrus - receive sensory information for touch, pain, temperature, vibration and proprioception and is also somatotopically organised

40
Q

what are the pathways of the primary somatosensory region?

A

lateral VPL - leg input - projects to the midline
medial VPL - input from the arm and projects to the lateral region
VPM - input from the face to the lateral region

41
Q

what is the course of Primary somatosensory region?

A

information goes to the thalamus for all sensation except CNI and then to the post central gyrus - stops in the ventral posterior lateral and medial nuclei

42
Q

what is somatotopic organisation?

A

it is the process of specific areas of the brain analysing specific information from specific parts of the body
primary motor and sensory areas are organised

43
Q

what is the general somatotopic organisation of the post central gyrus?

A

arms - lateral
face - border with the temporal lobe
legs - medial

44
Q

why are some areas of the cortex more sensitive?

A

they have more neurones projected into cortex that is analysing that region

45
Q

what does injury to association somatosensory areas mean?

A

can feel pain but cannot give it meaning - could not tell what the object is without seeing it - tactile agnosia

46
Q

what is BA 5 and 7?

A

it is the association somatosensory areas that are in the superior parietal lobe and are for interpretation, understanding and recognition and spatial analysis

47
Q

what is BA 41 and 42?

A

it is the primary auditory cortex that is in the superior temporal gland called Heschl’s. It is for the conscious perception of sound and is tonotopically organised

48
Q

what does tonotopic organisation mean?

A

that the spectrum of audible frequencies is mapped onto the primary auditory cortex – lower frequencies are more anteriorly analysed

49
Q

what is the course of auditory information?

A

it goes though CNVIII to the brainstem then cerebrum to the middle genicular nucleus and then to Heschl’s gyrus

50
Q

where is the secondary association auditory cortex and what is it for?

A

it surrounds the corresponding primary cortex and gives meaning and understanding to the type of sound - Wernicke’s area (typically the left) is the dominant one and is important for understanding written and spoken language

51
Q

what is BA 17?

A

it is the primary visual area - the area around the calcarine sulcus and occipital pole and receives information from the retina - left visual analyses from the left

52
Q

how is the primary visual organised?

A

retinotopically

53
Q

what is the course of visual information?

A

the visual information from the retina goes though the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and is processes in specific areas of hemisphere in primary visual cortex

54
Q

what types of visual fields are there?

A

superior and inferior

55
Q

what is BA 18 and 19?

A

association visual cortex - surrounds the primary, and is for interpretation of the visual information - recognising faces, objects etc

56
Q

what happens if there is a lesion in the association visual?

A

prosopagnosia - inability to recognise faces - perception with no meaning

57
Q

what is the insula of the post central sulcus?

A

it is a hidden strip of cortex and open lateral fissure - insula

58
Q

where is the taste cortex?

A

it extends from the inferior margin of the post central gyrus to the insula of the post central sulcus

59
Q

what is the general association cortex for?

A

it is for more complex aspects of behavioural and intellectual functioning

60
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex for?

A

it regulates moods and feelings, involved in higher order cognitive functions, conceptualisation, planning and judgement

61
Q

what is the parietal temporal cortex for?

A

integrates information of different modalities and is involved in memory

62
Q

what are general characteristics if the general association cortex?

A

not associated with 1 specific function
integrate many sensory functions
prefrontal - behaviour in response to stimuli
associating different modalities to make one large image
how one specific sensation can remind you of a specific moment

63
Q

what is the result on prefrontal cortex injury?

A

lose the ability to make sound judgements and inhibition of impulsive behaviours and problems with judgement and decision making

64
Q

what is cerebral dominance for?

A

the lateralisation of function

65
Q

where are the language areas found?

A

two are within the dominant hemisphere

66
Q

what does injury to the language areas result in?

A

aphasia

67
Q

how can you get conduction aphasia?

A

damage to the arcuate fasciculus - impaired repetition, comprehension and fluency are intact

68
Q

where does sensory or fluent aphasia occur?

A

wernickes area - inability to understand language

69
Q

which aphasia occurs in brocas area?

A

motor or non fluent - inability to correctly articulate speech

70
Q

what is the articulate fasciculus?

A

it is association fibres - white matter tracts connecting within the same area - if there is a lesion here then you can not repeat what you intend as the understanding from the wernickes to brocas is interrupted

71
Q

which is the dominant hemisphere and what is it used for?

A

typically the left - for linguistic and numerical skills

72
Q

which is the non dominant hemisphere and what is it for?

A

typically right and spatial awareness

C&M (36 decks)

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