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localisation Flashcards

1
Q

what is on either side of the central sulcus?

A

pre and post central gyri

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2
Q

what is the specialisation of the cortex?

A

it is highly folded, and heavily divided into layers of cells - six layers with different cells

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3
Q

what does the function of the cells depend on?

A

where in the brain they are found determines how they are specialised

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4
Q

where is the precentral gyrus?

A

primary motor cortex

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5
Q

what is in the primary motor cortex

A

large neurons that are specialised for efferent axons for motor control

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6
Q

what are cells in the primary sensory cortex specialised for?

A

to receive sensory information

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7
Q

what does ageing and degenerative conditions result in?

A

decrease in thickness

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8
Q

what is the result of sulci in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

divides it into lobes and gyri such as the central and lateral sulcus

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9
Q

what is in the cerebral cortex?

A

it varies in thickness from 2-4mm and is heavily folded to increase surface area - over half of surface area is hidden by walls of sulci and there is a laminar arrangement from I - VI

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10
Q

where is the pre and post central gyrus?

A

anterior and posterior to the central sulcus

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11
Q

what is the course of the frontal and temporal sucli and gyri?

A

there is superior and inferior sulci and superior, middle and inferior gyri

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12
Q

what is the cingulate sulcus?

A

surrounding gyrus above the corpus callosum - C shaped

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13
Q

what sulcus is in the temporal love?

A

the collateral sulcus

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14
Q

where is the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

hook around itself to form bump called uncus

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15
Q

what makes a T junction with the parito-occipital sulcus?

A

the calcarine sulcus

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16
Q

what is the structure of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

it is s dense core of white matter with an overlying thin layer of grey matter

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17
Q

what is the limbic lobe?

A

it is a C shaped area of grey matter that is known as the fifth lobe - it is part of the limbic system and is a rim surrounding the diencephalon for emotional and memory systems

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18
Q

what is at the underside of the frontal lobe and what is its function?

A

the olfactory bulb - is connects with the frontal tract which eventually brings information about smell to area surrounding the uncus - primary olfactory area that processes information about smell

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19
Q

what is special about smell?

A

it is the only sense that does not go through the thalamus to the cortex

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20
Q

how is the brain split?

A

Broadmanns areas - the anatomical subdivisions are based on cellular composition and function of areas

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21
Q

what are primary projection areas?

A

they are for receiving sensory information and are the first things to send motor command - the pre central gyrus will start the motor command and send signals to effector muscles
they are sensory areas where specific sensory pathways terminate - perceived sensation

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22
Q

what are the association secondary areas for?

A

they interpret information - they give meaning and understanding to information and will generate sequence to initiate movements

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23
Q

what does a cortical map divide the cortex into?

A

46 areas

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24
Q

what does the primary motor cortex control? (BA4)

A

voluntary control of specific muscles

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25
how is the PMC organised?
somatotopically
26
what types of sensory sensation are there are what area in the primary projection areas are these found?
general sensory (somaesthetic) - post central gyrus visual - either side of the calcarine sulcus in the striate cortex auditory - Heschl's gyrus in the superior temporal gyri olfactory - uncus gustatory - inferior post central gyrus
27
what sensation is there for motor areas in the primary projection areas?
there are specific motor pathways that originate in the PPAs | primary motor cortex - precentral gyrus
28
what is the function of the secondary sensory areas in the association areas?
the receive input from the primary sensory areas and are involved in interpretation and understanding
29
what is the function of the secondary motor ares in association areas?
send output to primary motor areas and organise patterns of movement
30
what areas are used in secondary sensory area sensations?
general - superior parietal lobe visual - pre striate area auditory - lateral fissure / superior temporal gyri
31
what areas are used in secondary motor area sensations?
premotor area - anterior to precentral sulcus on lateral surface supplementary motor area - anterior to the precentral sulcus on the medial surface frontal eye field - anterior to premotor
32
what is BA 6?
supplementary motor and premotor association motor areas anterior to the primary motor cortex it is for learned complex motor activities - storage of those activities
33
what is BA 8?
the frontal eye field - frontal lobe - control voluntary scanning movements of the eye
34
what are BA 44/45?
they are Brocas area inferior frontal gyrus (dominant hemisphere is left) regulates pattern of breathing and vocalisation needed for normal speech
35
what is the primary motor cortex for?
to send information to contract a muscle and is organised somatotopically - specific areas of the gyrus will control specific areas of the body
36
what are the two main association motor areas?
the supplementary and the premotor - they generate sequences for specific motor patterns and store information for learned complex motor patterns - all anterior to the pre central gyrus
37
what is brocas area for?
breathing pattern and speech - specific muscles of the tongue, jaw and mouth and breathing muscles for speech - motor
38
what happens if there is injury to any areas of brocas?
apraxia - not paralysis just cannot perform fine motor controlk
39
what are BA 3,2 and 1?
the primary somatosensory cortex - post central gyrus - receive sensory information for touch, pain, temperature, vibration and proprioception and is also somatotopically organised
40
what are the pathways of the primary somatosensory region?
lateral VPL - leg input - projects to the midline medial VPL - input from the arm and projects to the lateral region VPM - input from the face to the lateral region
41
what is the course of Primary somatosensory region?
information goes to the thalamus for all sensation except CNI and then to the post central gyrus - stops in the ventral posterior lateral and medial nuclei
42
what is somatotopic organisation?
it is the process of specific areas of the brain analysing specific information from specific parts of the body primary motor and sensory areas are organised
43
what is the general somatotopic organisation of the post central gyrus?
arms - lateral face - border with the temporal lobe legs - medial
44
why are some areas of the cortex more sensitive?
they have more neurones projected into cortex that is analysing that region
45
what does injury to association somatosensory areas mean?
can feel pain but cannot give it meaning - could not tell what the object is without seeing it - tactile agnosia
46
what is BA 5 and 7?
it is the association somatosensory areas that are in the superior parietal lobe and are for interpretation, understanding and recognition and spatial analysis
47
what is BA 41 and 42?
it is the primary auditory cortex that is in the superior temporal gland called Heschl's. It is for the conscious perception of sound and is tonotopically organised
48
what does tonotopic organisation mean?
that the spectrum of audible frequencies is mapped onto the primary auditory cortex -- lower frequencies are more anteriorly analysed
49
what is the course of auditory information?
it goes though CNVIII to the brainstem then cerebrum to the middle genicular nucleus and then to Heschl's gyrus
50
where is the secondary association auditory cortex and what is it for?
it surrounds the corresponding primary cortex and gives meaning and understanding to the type of sound - Wernicke's area (typically the left) is the dominant one and is important for understanding written and spoken language
51
what is BA 17?
it is the primary visual area - the area around the calcarine sulcus and occipital pole and receives information from the retina - left visual analyses from the left
52
how is the primary visual organised?
retinotopically
53
what is the course of visual information?
the visual information from the retina goes though the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and is processes in specific areas of hemisphere in primary visual cortex
54
what types of visual fields are there?
superior and inferior
55
what is BA 18 and 19?
association visual cortex - surrounds the primary, and is for interpretation of the visual information - recognising faces, objects etc
56
what happens if there is a lesion in the association visual?
prosopagnosia - inability to recognise faces - perception with no meaning
57
what is the insula of the post central sulcus?
it is a hidden strip of cortex and open lateral fissure - insula
58
where is the taste cortex?
it extends from the inferior margin of the post central gyrus to the insula of the post central sulcus
59
what is the general association cortex for?
it is for more complex aspects of behavioural and intellectual functioning
60
what is the prefrontal cortex for?
it regulates moods and feelings, involved in higher order cognitive functions, conceptualisation, planning and judgement
61
what is the parietal temporal cortex for?
integrates information of different modalities and is involved in memory
62
what are general characteristics if the general association cortex?
not associated with 1 specific function integrate many sensory functions prefrontal - behaviour in response to stimuli associating different modalities to make one large image how one specific sensation can remind you of a specific moment
63
what is the result on prefrontal cortex injury?
lose the ability to make sound judgements and inhibition of impulsive behaviours and problems with judgement and decision making
64
what is cerebral dominance for?
the lateralisation of function
65
where are the language areas found?
two are within the dominant hemisphere
66
what does injury to the language areas result in?
aphasia
67
how can you get conduction aphasia?
damage to the arcuate fasciculus - impaired repetition, comprehension and fluency are intact
68
where does sensory or fluent aphasia occur?
wernickes area - inability to understand language
69
which aphasia occurs in brocas area?
motor or non fluent - inability to correctly articulate speech
70
what is the articulate fasciculus?
it is association fibres - white matter tracts connecting within the same area - if there is a lesion here then you can not repeat what you intend as the understanding from the wernickes to brocas is interrupted
71
which is the dominant hemisphere and what is it used for?
typically the left - for linguistic and numerical skills
72
which is the non dominant hemisphere and what is it for?
typically right and spatial awareness

C&M (36 decks)

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