Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

C&M > brainstem and cerebellum > Flashcards

brainstem and cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

what are the general functions of the brainstem?

A

act as a conduit, cranial nerves and integrative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is meant by the brainstem is a conduit?

A

it allows ascending and descending pathways to reach thalamus and cerebellum from spinal cord and relay nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is meant by the brainstem is integrative?

A

there is control of cardiovascular and respiratory functions and through the reticular foramen consciousness as well as complex motor patterns such as balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the cranial nerves for?

A

supply the head, they are for sight, gustation, hearing, equilibrium - relay centres and cranial nerve nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a collection of cell bodies or grey matter in the CNS/PNS?

A

CNS - nucleus

PNS - ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what can aid the synapse function?

A

collection of cell bodies there as the information can travel from one place to another in a relay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where are the ascending and descending pathways found?

A

ventral to the reticular foramen which is found in the central aspect of the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens when there is an infarct of the blood vessels supplying the ventral aspect of the brainstem such as the pons?

A

locked in syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the characteristics of locked in syndrome?

A

reticular foramen is intact, may still be able to move eyes as the cranial nerves emerge more superior and cannot move anything else but are conscious of everything that is happening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where do cranial nerves emerge from?

A

the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where does the brainstem sit in the brain and in relation to other structures?

A

it sits below the thalamus/diencephalon and is rostrally continous with the diencephalon. It is dorsally continuous with the cerebellum and caudally with the spinal cord at the level of the foramen magnum. It is ventrally continuous with the clivus of the occipital bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the midbrain?

A

it is just under the mamillary bodies, then the pons and then the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where is CSF found?

A

channels of the ventricular system - runs in hemispheres and through the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is between the pons and the cerebellum and what does it form?

A

the cerebral aqueduct - drains into the diamond shaped fourth ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how many cranial nerves arise from the brainstem and how many are PNS?

A

10/12 are PNS and 10/12 from the brainstem - sensory and motor parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does the brain develop?

A

from primary and secondary ventricles - the spaces then form the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is in the primary vesicles?

A

the prosencephalon (forebrain - cerebrum), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhomencephalon (hindbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the prosencephalon form?

A

third (diencephalon) and lateral ventricles (telencephalon). The telencephalon forms the cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres, caudate nucleus, putamen and the amygdala and the diencephalon forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, retina and pineal gland, subthalamus and epithalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the mesencephalon form?

A

the cerebral aqueduct - midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the rhombencephalon form?

A

the fourth ventricle and hindbrain - this is the metencephalon forming the pons and cerebellum and the myelencephalon forming the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the secondary ventricles?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is anterior to the central canal?

A

central grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is inferior to the pons?

A

pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the PAG?

A

the periaqueduct grey - grey matter surrounding the aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what can be identified at any level of the brainstem

A

tectum, tegmentum and basal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the tectum?

A

the roof. it’s only significant portion is found in the most dorsal aspect of the brainstem (sup. and inf. colliculi) posterior to the ventricular system cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where is the tegmentum found?

A

anterior to the ventricular system cavities in the middle region of the brain stem and contains reticular information and cranial heads and some ascending and descending pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where is the basal?

A

ventral - descending motor pathways are contained here - pyramids and peduncles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the structure of the medulla?

A

it is the most inferior part of the brainstem and connects with pons through the pontomedullary junction. The ventral surface has tiny bumps on it and the dorsal is smoother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the rhomboid fossa?

A

when the cerebellum is removed there will be a rhomboid shaped space that is the floor of the fourth ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is at the bottom of the floor of the fourth ventricle and meets the top of the posterior median fissure of the posterior medulla?

A

the obex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does the posterior median fissure of the medulla separate?

A

the two fasciculi gracilis that contain axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are lateral to the fasciculi gracilis?

A

the fasciculus cuneatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is on the superior parts of the fasciculi?

A

the tubercles for each fasciculus respectively - contain cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

on the ventral medulla what is the order from inferior to superior of the emergence of cranial nerves 9-12?

A

inferior - XI
XII
X (lateral to XII)
IX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is lateral to the decussation of the pyramids?

A

the pyramids and then olives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what separates the pyramids from the olives and what is lateral to the olives?

A

the antero-lateral sulcus separates and the postero-lateral sulcus is lateral to olives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the fissure in the middle of the anterior aspect of the ventral medulla?

A

the anterior median fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the pyramidal tract?

A

they are posterior to the pyramids - axons containing descending pathways to control muscles of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what happens at decussation of the pyramids?

A

fibres from one side of the brain cross the midline of the body - travel on one side of ventral pons and medulla and then cross to the other side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where are CN 9 and 10 found?

A

lateral to the olives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what structure travels through the foramen magnum with the spinal cord?

A

the hypoglossal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what type of fibres are in the fasciculus gracilis?

A

white matter tracts - synapse at the tubercles - carry information from the lower limbs through SC and medulla

44
Q

what is in the fasciculus cuneatus?

A

information from the upper limb

45
Q

how would you recognise a closed medulla?

A

the central canal with brain tissue behind and infront of - cut anywhere below the obex

46
Q

what will be behind the medulla in an open medulla?

A

there is the fourth ventricle above the obex and therefore space not tissue

47
Q

where does the hypoglossal nerve emerge from?

A

the anterolateral sulcus

48
Q

where do the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves arise from?

A

the posterolateral sulcus

49
Q

what structures of the medulla are part of the dorsal column pathway?

A

the fascicles - sensory information from body to brain

50
Q

what separates the pons from the midbrain?

A

the pontomesencephalic junction

51
Q

what does the ventral pons connect?

A

the cerebrum, cerebellar hemispheres and brainstem

52
Q

in what direction do fibres travel across the pons?

A

transverse

53
Q

where does CNV, VI and VII emerge from?

A

V - trigeminal - motor and sensory - from middle of pons
VI - midline of the pontomedullar junction
VII - facial and VIII - laterally in cerebellopontine angle

54
Q

what are peduncles, and where are they found?

A

the peduncles are inferior middle (large) and superior and are found in the dorsal pons that connect the brainstem to the cerebellum

55
Q

what is the bump in the dorsal aspect of the pons?

A

facial colliculus - fibres of the facial nerve travel in such a way that they form a bump

56
Q

what structures is on the caudal side of the pons?

A

the fourth ventricle and MCP

57
Q

what is at the rostral end of the pons?

A

brain tissue and basal pons

58
Q

what is the function of the basal pons?

A

contains all transverse pontine fibres that cross to reach either side of cerebellum - interrupt the descending fibres and they then merge in middle

59
Q

why might injury to CNVI cause injury to CNVII?

A

the fibres of CNVII loop around the nucleus of CNVI to make colliculus

60
Q

where does the basilar artery travel?

A

the basilar groove down the anterior midline of pons

61
Q

what can be seen in the caudal pons?

A

the MCP dorso-lateral and the floor of fourth ventricle dorsally and groove for basilar artery - lower than rostral

62
Q

what can be seen in rostral pons?

A

the cerebral aqueduct centrally and the groove for basilar artery

63
Q

what do each of the cerebellar peduncles connect?

A

SCP - midbrain to cerebellum and is the roof of the fourth ventricle
MCP - pons to cerebellum
ICP - medulla to cerebellum

64
Q

where is the midbrain found?

A

just below the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

65
Q

what do cerebral peduncles do?

A

they are ventral and are white matter tracts connecting structures - midbrain to the cerebrum above and contain descending motor fibres

66
Q

what is the course of the descending motor fibres?

A

the fibres descend, pass through the cerebral peduncles and ventral pons and are interrupted in pons due to transverse firbes, they then enter pyramids and travel on same side until decussation

67
Q

where in the ventral midbrain does CNVIII emerge?

A

occulomotor nerve emerges in the intrapeduncular fossa between the two CP

68
Q

where does CNIV emerge from?

A

dorsal view of the midbrain

69
Q

what is the dorsal midbrain?

A

it is four bumps that are coliculli - superior and inferior

70
Q

what are the roles of the coliculli?

A

superior - visual and inferior - auditory

71
Q

where does the dorsal midbrain sit?

A

it sites just below the diencephalon but posteriorly is the pineal gland and the third ventricle which separates the two sides of the diencephalon

72
Q

how do the coliculli and the diencephalon connect?

A

the brachium of the coliculli reach out laterally to the thalamus of diencephalon

73
Q

where are white matter tracts found in midbrain?

A

basal

74
Q

what is a feature of a cross section of midbrain?

A

the cerebral peduncle stick out laterally and intrapeduncular fossa in middle. The cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by inferior colliculi

75
Q

what is seen in middle of cross section of midbrain?

A

two nuclei of CNIII - trochlear and fibres from the inferior colliculi travelling and cerebral aqueduct running through

76
Q

ventrally what comes superiorly off the mammillary bodies?

A

the pituitary stalk

77
Q

what surrounds the peduncles?

A

the optic tract leading centrally to chiasm

78
Q

what is the Tec formed from?

A

colliculi

79
Q

what is next to tec?

A

teg

80
Q

what is the reticular formation for?

A

consciousness and sleep cycles

81
Q

what is the reticular formation?

A

a complex, multisynaptic network of neurones in the tegmentum of the brainstem

82
Q

what comprises the reticular formation?

A

reticular nuclei, vital autonomic centres and ascending reticular activating system

83
Q

what is the reticular nuclei for?

A

gives rise to a descending motor pathway

84
Q

what is the vital autonomic centre for?

A

respiratory and cardiovascular functions

85
Q

what are the cells that give rise to the ascending reticular activating system for?

A

pass to cortex and involved in consciousness - damage = coma

86
Q

what are the functions of the reticular formation?

A

pain modulation, sleep wake cycle and arousal

87
Q

where is CNII found?

A

between the superior and posterior cerebellar arteries

88
Q

where is CNVI found?

A

behind the anterior inferior cerebellar artery

89
Q

where is CNIII in relation to SCA?

A

it loops underneath

90
Q

where do the circumferential branches of the basilar artery supply?

A

lateral pons

91
Q

what is the blood supply of the brainstem?

A

PCA, SCA, basilar and branches, AICA and PICA, vertebral arteries and branches

92
Q

which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?

A

CN 3,5,6,7,8,9,10, 11 and 12

93
Q

where do cranial nerves 1 and 2 emerge from?

A

higher up than brainstem

94
Q

what is the primary function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of movement, maintenance of balance and posture

95
Q

what are cerebellar peduncles for?

A

connecting the dorsal brainstem to cerebellum

96
Q

what can be seen from the superior dorsal cerebellum?

A

the midbrain

97
Q

what separates the anterior and posterior lobe of the cerebellum?

A

the primary fissure

98
Q

what is between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

the vermis - middle portion

99
Q

from an infero-ventral view of the cerebellum what is seen?

A

the medulla, vermis and tonsils - bumps on either side

100
Q

what will need to be removed to see the peduncles?

A

the brainstem

101
Q

what is the nodulus, floculus and together?

A

nodulus - most inferior part of vermis
flocculus - either side of nodulus
together - flocculonodular lobe

102
Q

what is the anatomical structure of the cerebellum?

A

three lobes, two hemispheres with vermis in middle, and tonsils with direct relationship with medulla, flocculus on either side and nodules

103
Q

where is the cerebellum found?

A

under the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

104
Q

when looking at the inferior view what lobules of the cerebellum can be seen?

A

the inferior semilunar most posteriorly, the gracile lobule more medially and anteriorly and anterior most is the biventer lobule

105
Q

when looking at the superior view what lobules of the cerebellum can be seen?

A

superior semilunar posterior most, posterior quadrangular and anterior and anterior quadrangular

C&M (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions