Spinal cord

Question 1

Cauda equina is

Answer 1

Nerve roots of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves.

Question 2

LMN are found in

Answer 2

Ventral horn of the spinal cord and in CN nuclei in the brain stem

Question 3

Cell bodies of UMN are found in

Answer 3

Brain stem and cerebral cortex

Red nucleus

Reticular formation

Lateral vestibular nuclei of the brain

Question 4

How do Axons of these UMN travel

Answer 4

Corticospinal tract

Question 5

Corticospinal fibers decussate at

Answer 5

Pyramids of medulla

Question 6

What motoneurons supply intrafusal muscle fibers

Answer 6

Gamma motoneurons

Question 7

Deep tendon reflex is

Answer 7

Stretch myotatic

Monosynaptic and ipsilateral reflex

Question 8

Knee (patellar) reflex chord involved

Answer 8

L2-L4 (Femoral N)

Question 9

Ankle reflex chord involved

Answer 9

S1 (Tibial N)

Question 10

Elow reflex chord involved

Answer 10

C5-C6 (Musculocutaneous N)

C7-C8 (Radial N)

Question 11

Forearm Cord involved

Answer 11

C5-C6 (Radial N)

Question 12

Knee reflex muscle tested

Answer 12

Quadriceps

Question 13

Ankle reflex muscle tested

Answer 13

Gastrocnemius

Question 14

Elbow C5-C6 reflex muscle tested

Answer 14

Biceps

Question 15

Elbow C7-C8 reflex muscle tested

Answer 15

Triceps

Question 16

Forearm reflex muscle tested

Answer 16

Brachioradialis

Question 17

Inverse muscle stretch reflex ues

Answer 17

Golgi tendon organs

Question 18

Golgi tendon organs are

Answer 18

encapsulated groups of nerve endings that terminate between collagenous tendon fibers at the junction of muscle and tendon

Question 19

UMN lesions result in

Answer 19

Hyperactive muscle stretch reflexes

Clasp knife reflex due to oversensitive Golgi Tendon Organs

Question 20

Early sign of LMN lesion

Answer 20

Fasciculations: twitches or contractions of groups of muscle fibers

Question 21

LMN lesions produce what type of paralysis

Answer 21

Flaccid paralysis

Question 22

Babinski sign is present in

Answer 22

A lesion of Coticospinal tract (UMN)

Question 23

UMN lesions produce what type of paralysis

Answer 23

Spastic paralysis

Question 24

What are the 2 sensory systems

Answer 24

Dorsal column - medial leminiscal system

Anterolateral (Spinothalamic) system

Question 25

Dorsal column - **medial lemniscal** system function

Answer 25

1. Discrimitive touch 2. Conscious proprioception 3. Vibration 4. Pressure

Question 26

Anterolateral (**Spinothalamic**) system function

Answer 26

Pain Temperature

Question 27

Dorsal column - **medial leminiscal** system fibers

Answer 27

Class 2 or A-β

Question 28

Astereognosis is

Answer 28

Inability to identify the characteristics of an object: 1. Size 2. Consistency 3. Form 4. Shape

Question 29

Dorsal column - **medial leminiscal** system decussates

Answer 29

In the medulla

Question 30

Anterolateral (**spinothalamic tract**) system decussages

Answer 30

1 to 2 segment above entry into sc

Question 31

Spinocerebellar tract carry

Answer 31

Unconscious proprioceptive input from muscle spindles and GTOs to the cerebellum

Question 32

Cell body of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract are found in

Answer 32

Clarke's nucleus

Question 33

Both spinocerebellar tracts travel through

Answer 33

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 34

In Argyll Robertson pupil, the pupil reacts to

Answer 34

Accommodation but not to light

Question 35

Brown-Séquard syndrome is

Answer 35

Hemisection of the cord resultsin a lesion of each of the 3 main neural systems

Question 36

Brown-Séquard sydrome presents with

Answer 36

2 ipsilateral signs and one contralateral sign * Corticospinal tract: ipsilateral spastic paresis below the level of injury * Fasciculus gracilis or cuneatus: ipsilateral loss of joint position, tactile discrimination, and vibratory sensations below level of lesion * Spinothalamic tract: contralateral loss of pain and Tem starting one or 2 segments below the level of the lesion

Question 37

Polio leads to

Answer 37

1. Flaccid paralysis 2. Muscle atrophy 3. Fasciculations 4. Areflexia 5. Common at lumber levels

Question 38

Tabes Dorsalis leads to

Answer 38

1. Parethesias, Pain, Polyuria 2. Late stage syphilis, sensory ataxia, Positive Romberg 3. Argyll Robertson pupils 4. Sppressed reflexes