GI tissue

Question 1

4 layers of GI

Answer 1

1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa

Question 2

3 components of mucosa

Answer 2

Epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosa

Question 3

GALT located in

Answer 3

Lamina propria of mucosa

Question 4

2 layers of muscle in muscularis externa

Answer 4

Inner ciruclar

Outer longitudinal

Question 5

Meissner’s plexus

Answer 5

• interconnected network of ganglia and nerves located in submucosa
• Responsible for intrinsic motility of the lining of GI tract

Question 6

Auerbach’s plexus

Answer 6

network of neuronal ganglia located between 2 muscle layers of muscularis externa

Question 7

Cells/function located in body and fundus of stomach

Answer 7

1. Mucus cells
2. Cheif cells: secrete pepsinogen and lipase precursor
3. Parietal cells: Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
4. Enteroendocrine cells

Question 8

Cells of pylorus of stomach

Answer 8

1. Mucous cells
2. Parietal cells
3. EE cells

Question 9

Brunner glands found in

Answer 9

Duodenum

Question 10

Cells/function in dueodenum

Answer 10

1. Goblet cells: Secrete acid glycoproteins that protect lining
2. Paneth cells: granules that contake lysozyme
3. EE cells

Question 11

HCL secretion stimulated by

Answer 11

Gastrin

ACh (from Vagus)

Histamine

Question 12

HCl inhibited by

Answer 12

Low pH

Prostaglandins

Chyme in duodenum via GIP and Secretin

Question 13

Pepsinogen secretion simulated by

Answer 13

1. ACh (from vagus)
2. Gastrin
3. HCl

Question 14

Gastrin secretion stimulated by

Answer 14

1. Small peptides/aa
2. Vagus (via GRP)
3. Stomach distention

Question 15

CCK source

Answer 15

I cells of duodenum and jejunum

Question 16

CCK secretion stimulated by

Answer 16

1. Fatty Acids, monoglycerides
2. Small peptides and AA

Question 17

Action of CCK

Answer 17

1. Stimulates GB contraction and relaxes sphincter of Oddi
2. Increase pancreatic enzyme secretion
3. Inhibits gastric emptying to aid in digestion

Question 18

Secretin source

Answer 18

S cells of duodenum

Question 19

Secretin secretion stimulated by

Answer 19

Decrease pH in duodenal lumen

FA in duodenal lumen

Question 20

Action of Secretin

Answer 20

1. Increase pancreatic HCO₃ secretion
2. Increase bile production
3. Decrease gastric H secretion

Question 21

GIP source

Answer 21

K cells of duodenum and jejunum

Question 22

GIP secretion stimulated by

Answer 22

1. Glucose
2. FA
3. AA

Question 23

Action of GIP

Answer 23

Increase insulin release

Decrease gastic H secretioin

Question 24

GI stem cells located in

Answer 24

Isthmus

Question 25

Carbohydrate digestion

Answer 25

Pancreatic amylase completes the hydrolysis of polysaccharides to disaccharides that is initiated by salivary amylase in the mouth

Question 26

Protein digestion

Answer 26

Pancreatic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and carboxypeptidase mediate further digestion to small peptide fragments

Question 27

Fat digestion

Answer 27

1. Pancreatic lipase digest 2. Then combine with bile salts to form **miscell****es** 3. Then attaches to **chylomicrons**

Question 28

Contractile wave stimulated by

Answer 28

ACh and Supbstance P

Question 29

What is absorbed by colon

Answer 29

Na and water

Question 30

What is secreted into colon

Answer 30

K and HCO₃

Question 31

External anal sphincter innervated by

Answer 31

Pudendal N

Question 32

Valsalva maneuver

Answer 32

Intra-abdominal pressure is increased due to voluntarly relaxed external anal sphincter

Question 33

Feeding center of Hypothalamus location

Answer 33

Lateral Hypothalamic area

Question 34

Satiety center of Hypothalamus location

Answer 34

Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

Question 35

CCK-A receptor location

Answer 35

Periphery

Question 36

CCK-B receptor location

Answer 36

Brain

Question 37

CCK affect on appetite

Answer 37

Reduce

Question 38

α-amylase in Saliva digests

Answer 38

Starch

Question 39

What antibacterial is found in Saliva

Answer 39

1. Lysozyme 2. lactoferrin 3. Defensins 4. IgA

Question 40

Parotid gland location

Answer 40

Lie on surface of **masseter muscles** in the **lateral face**, in front of each **external auditory meatus**

Question 41

Parotid glands drain via

Answer 41

Stensen's duct

Question 42

Stensen's duct opens

Answer 42

above the second upper molar tooth

Question 43

What type of gland is Parotid gland

Answer 43

Entirely serous

Question 44

Submandibular gland location

Answer 44

Lie inside the lower edge of **mandible**

Question 45

Submandibular gland drian via

Answer 45

Wharton's duct

Question 46

Wharton's duct opens to

Answer 46

The base of tongue

Question 47

What type of gland is the submandibular gland

Answer 47

both serous and mucous but mainly serous

Question 48

What pancreatic enzymes catalyze conversion of Proteins to peptides

Answer 48

Trypsin Chymotrypsin

Question 49

What pancreatic enzyme catalyzes conversion of peptides to aa

Answer 49

Carboxypeptidase

Question 50

What pancreatic enzyme breaks down starch and glycogen

Answer 50

Amylase

Question 51

What pancreatic enzyme breaks down phospholipids

Answer 51

Phospholipases A and B

Question 52

Basal cells of hepatocytes form

Answer 52

Bile canaliculi

Question 53

Portal triad/portal tract consists of

Answer 53

Hepatic A Portal V Bile duct

Question 54

What is the portal lobule

Answer 54

* a triangular structure with a central v at each orner and a portal tract in the center * Bile flows from the periphery of the portal lobule into the central triad

Question 55

What is Zone 1 hepatocytes involved in

Answer 55

Glycogen synthesis and plasma protein synthesis

Question 56

Zone 3 hepatocytes are most involved in

Answer 56

Lipid, drug and alcohol metabolism and detoxification

Question 57

Ito cells are

Answer 57

Stellate cells that live in the **space of disse** Contain fat and are involved in **storage of fat-soluble vit** (**vit A**)

Question 58

What is responsible for scarring of liver

Answer 58

Ito cells secreting Type 1 collagen in response to injury