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PRAXIS > Speech Science > Flashcards

Speech Science Flashcards

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1
Q

What is damping?

A

when a source of energy is reduced or gone

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2
Q

What determines the intensity at each harmonic in vowel production?

A

vocal tract

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3
Q

What are harmonics?

A

energy components of sound, considered the source of sound and is produced by the vocal folds

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4
Q

How are vowels perceived?

A

by the spacing of the formants

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5
Q

How are vowel differences perceived?

A

the relationship between formants

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6
Q

What does the brick-wall filtering do?

A

removes all the energy from the Nyquist frequency, thereby removing all unwanted frequencies in an audio sample

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7
Q

What is a consonant?

A

a speech sound produced by changing an air stream in a particular way

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8
Q

What is a vowel?

A

a speech sound produced with an open vocal tract with no points of constriction. It is voiced and its resonant formants are shaped by the vocal tract. May be called syllabics because they carry syllables

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9
Q

What is the onset?

A

initial consonant of a syllable

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10
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

the vowel in the motor unit or syllable (E.g., the “a” in apple)

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11
Q

What is the coda?

A

ending consonant of a syllable (e.g., /t/ in “cat”)

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12
Q

What is an open syllable?

A

A word that ends in a vowel

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13
Q

What is a closed syllable?

A

A word that ends in a consonant

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14
Q

What is the difference between phonemic and phonetic?

A

phonemic refers to the idealization production of a speech sound (slashes are used for that); phonetic refers to an individual’s production of a speech sounds and brackets are used for that

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15
Q

What is speech science?

A

the study of speech perception, the physical aspects of speech, and how it is produced

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16
Q

What is acoustics?

A

study of the physical aspects of speech

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17
Q

What is speech perception?

A

study of how speech is understood

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18
Q

What is phonetics?

A

the study of the production and perception of speech sounds

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19
Q

What is an allophone?

A

variations of a phoneme that does not change the word’s meaning (e.g., /t/ in top is different from the /t/ in stop)

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20
Q

What is behavioral definition of language and speech?

A

verbal behaviors shaped and maintained by social communities

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21
Q

What is a cognate pair?

A

speech sounds that have the same place and manner but differ in voicing (e.g., /p/ and /b/)

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22
Q

What is coarticulation?

A

the change a speech sound goes through in connected speech (e.g., “th” in them may sound different in the phrase “catch them”; results in allophonic variations of a speech sound

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23
Q

What is assimilation?

A

causes a sound to change to a different sound

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24
Q

What are the four functions that matter in speech?

A

respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation

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25
Q

What is the purpose of suprasegmentals?

A

to add purpose and variety to speech

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26
Q

What are formants?

A

the vibrations of the air from the vocal folds in the vocal tract at different pitches

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27
Q

How is sound produced?

A

disturbance of molecules in a given medium

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28
Q

What are sound waves?

A

particles moving in a medium that contain expansions and contractions

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29
Q

What is impedance?

A

acoustic, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission

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30
Q

What is compression?

A

air molecules are dense because of vibrations

31
Q

What is rarefaction?

A

thinning of air molecules because of vibrations going back to equilibrium

32
Q

What is a pure tone?

A

a tone with a single frequency

33
Q

Vibrations repeat themselves in cycles or

A

hertz

34
Q

What two features of a medium affect the transmission of sound?

A

mass (Density) and elasticity; the bigger the medium, the more force is needed to transmit the sound

35
Q

What aspect of sound does the medium affect?t

A

the speed of sound, but not its frequency

36
Q

What is amplitude?

A

the magnitude or intensity of sound, which is perceived as its loudness

37
Q

What is frequency?

A

number of cycles of vibration per second; it is related to the sensation of pitch

38
Q

What is intensity?

A

sound pressure or energy that is transmited over an area, measures in dB

39
Q

What is a spectrogram?

A

a visual representation of sound frequencies across a span of time

40
Q

Since resonance and standing waves include constrictions at an antinode or node that may have an effect on formant frequencies, which of the following statements is true?

A

Constriction at a node raises the formant frequencies

41
Q

What is pressure?

A

when force is applied to surface mass per unit area

42
Q

What is a pure tone?

A

a tone that contains a single frequency

43
Q

What is simple harmonic motion?

A

tone of single frequency that repeats itself

44
Q

What is a complex tone?

A

combination of two or more pure tone with different frequencies

45
Q

Repeated and predictable vibrations that make up a complex tone are _______, where unpredictable vibrations that make up a complex tone are ________

A

periodic; aperiodic

46
Q

What is the frequency of vibration?

A

number of times a cycle of vibration repeats itself.

47
Q

What is the velocity?

A

amount of molecular displacement per unit of time

48
Q

How is sound generated?

A

through displacement, a change in the molecular positions which causes a transfer of energy

49
Q

What is natural frequency?

A

frequency that the source of sound normally vibrates; this is determined by the source’s mass and stiffness

50
Q

Increased mass leads to ______ frequency, whereas increased stiffness leads to ________ frequency

A

decreased; increased

51
Q

What is fundamental frequency?

A

lowest frequency of a periodic wave; it is the first harmonic; it has the greatest wavelength

52
Q

What is an octave?

A

it’s an indication of the intervals between two frequencies

53
Q

What is amplitude?

A

magnitude and direction of displacement; it is reflected by intensity. The greater the amplitude, the louder the signal

54
Q

What is intensity?

A

sound pressure or the amount of energy transmitted per second over an area of one square meter measured in DB

55
Q

What is density?

A

amount of mass per unit volume

56
Q

What is force?

A

product of mass and acceleration

57
Q

What is pressure?

A

amount of force per unit area

58
Q

What is reflection?

A

phenomenon of sound waves traveling back after hitting an object, with no change in the speed of propagation

59
Q

What is refraction?

A

bending of a sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation; this happens when sound moves from one medium to another

60
Q

What is resonance?

A

modification of the laryngeal tone by mainly the nasal and oral cavities

61
Q

What is a period?

A

amount of time needed for a cycle to be completed

62
Q

What is pitch?

A

variations in the frequency of vibration

63
Q

What is loudness?

A

a perceptual sensation related to amplitude or intensity of a sound

64
Q

What is a sound spectrograph?

A

an instrument for speech sound analysis

65
Q

What are formants?

A

resonances of vocal tracts, they have frequencies and are affected by cavity features such as tongue positioning and mouth opening

66
Q

What are formant transitions?

A

rapid changes in the resonant (formant) frequency when the speech sound production transitions from one sound to the next

67
Q

What is voice onset time?

A

time between the release of the stop consonant and the beginning of the vowel

68
Q

What is voice termination time?

A

time required to stop vocal activity

69
Q

What is rarefraction?

A

reduction of a density of an item

70
Q

What is reverberation?

A

time required for a sound wave to reduce by 60 dB after leaving its source.

71
Q

What kind of effect does resonance have on speech?

A

It does not add energy to the speech signal; rather, it results from the speech signal

72
Q

How is the first formant (F1) lowered?

A

a constriction near a volume velocity maximum

73
Q

How is the first formant (F1) raised?

A

a constriction near a volume velocty minimum

74
Q

When do resonant frequencies decrease?

A

the area of constriction is located at an antinode

PRAXIS (27 decks)

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