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Research topics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ABAB design?

A

a design in which a baseline of performance is recorded, a treatment is provided for a period of time, the treatment is removed, and then the treatment is reintroduced

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2
Q

What is a pretest - posttest control group design?

A

a design in which a person’s performance is recorded before treatment is given and after treatment is given

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3
Q

What is a multiple baseline design?

A

a design in which a baseline of a given behavior is obtained prior to a treatment being applied to multiple individuals who may exhibit that behavior

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4
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

a type of research study in which a population is observed at only a single point in time; conclusions about a population’s behavior over time may be drawn from that one point.

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5
Q

Compare science vs research.

A

Science values evidence over opinion; it is conceptual and philosophical. Research is methodological and is based on a process of asking and answering questions

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6
Q

Wha are two distinct philosophical features of science?

A

Empiricism (observable and measurable) and determinism (events are caused by other events)

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7
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

Two variables are unrelated

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8
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A

Two variables are related

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9
Q

What is the difference between interobserver reliability and intraobserver reliability?

A

interobserver reliability is when two or more observers provide similar measures for an event; intraobserver reliability is when the same observer measures the same event consistently

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10
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

an unmeasured variable that influences cause and effect

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11
Q

What is internal validity?

A

the extent that you can be sure that a cause and effect relationship cannot be explained by other factors.

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12
Q

In speech-language pathology, what is the basic experimental group design?

A

prettest-posttest control group design; it helps to evaluate the effects of a single treatment

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13
Q

What is a single subject design?

A

an experimental design in which a participant’s performance is compared under different conditions

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14
Q

What is an AB design?

A

a single subject design in which (A) a baseline is obtained and (B) a treatment is offered followed by a summary of the effects

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15
Q

What is an ABA design?

A

a basic experimental SSD; (A) = baseline obtained; (B) = treatment given, (A) = treatment removed

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16
Q

What is an ABAB design?

A

a basic experimental SSD; (A) = baseline obtained; (B) = treatment given, (A) = treatment removed; (B) = treatment given again

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the multiple baseline design?

A

to indicate that untreated skills were not affected and only treated skills were

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the multiple baseline across subjects design?

A

to indicate the effectiveness of treatment on several subjects by first taking their baselines and then taking measurements after they’ve completed the treatment.

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19
Q

What may threaten the external validity of a study?

A

the Hawthorne Effect: the impact that participants’ knowledge of participating in a study or that they are treated differently than usual will affect the results of the study

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20
Q

What is external validity?

A

the study findings being able to be generalized

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21
Q

What is multiple baseline across settings design?

A

a single behavior being sequentially taught in different settings to demonstrate the behavior changed in a single setting, indicating that treatment was effective.

22
Q

What is a multiple baseline across behaviors design?

A

a research design that involves several behaviors that are taught sequentially to show that only treated behaviors change, untreated behaviors did not change, and treatmetn was effective.

23
Q

What are the limitations of a single subject design?

A

the results cannot be generalized to the general population and the results do not effectively predict the behaviors of groups of individuals.

24
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

researchers observe a phenomenon and then describe it

25
Q

In descriptive research, a _______ variable is akin to the independent variable in experimental research and a _______ variable is akin to the dependent variable in experimental research.

A

classification; criterion

26
Q

What is an example of a classification variable and a criterion variable?

A

people with dementia compared to individuals without dementia on certain language measures. Group status is the classification variable and language measures would be the criterion measures.

27
Q

What is ex-post facto research?

A

researcher searches for causes of events that already happened; this is typically used to determine causes of disease.

28
Q

What is a limitation of ex-post facto research?

A

It only suggests, not confirm causes of disorders and diseases

29
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The degree to which a study showed a true cause-effect relationship

30
Q

What is external validity?

A

The degree to which a test’s results can be generalized

31
Q

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

A

the extent to which a study’s results is affected by the participant knowing that they will be treated differently than other participants and/or they know they are taking part in an experiment; one threat to external validity

32
Q

What is Multiple-Treatment Interference?

A

Another threat to external validity; the positive or negative of one treatment to another

33
Q

What is reactive or interactive effects of pretesting?

A

Another threat to external validity; sensitization of the participant during a pretest of the DV impacting the effect of the treatment variable

34
Q

What are threats to internal validity?

A

instrumentation; history; statistical regression; attrition; maturation; confounding variables; subject selection bias; testing

35
Q

What is a parameter?

A

A population value

36
Q

What is class I evidence?

A

randomized control trials

37
Q

What is class II evidence?

A

well-designed studies that are not random

38
Q

What is class III evidence?

A

expert opinion

39
Q

What is most desired level of evidence?

A

controlled, systematically replicated evidence

40
Q

What are the levels of desired evidence from least to most desirable?

A

expert advocacy –> uncontrolled, replicated evidence –> uncontrolled, directly replicated evidence —> uncontrolled, systematically reduplicated evidence —> controlled, replicated evidence –> controlled, directly replicated evidence —> controlled, systematically replicated evidence

41
Q

What is the difference between a between subjects design and a within subjects design?

A

between subjects design entails each participant receives only one of the conditions or treatments
within subjects design entails each participant receives all of the conditions or treatments

42
Q

What is a control?

A

a group in an experiment that does not receive a treatment

43
Q

What is the difference between a single blind study and a double blind study?

A

In a single blind study, only researcher knows which treatment the participant is receiving. In a double blind study, neither the researcher nor the participant know which treatment is being administered.

44
Q

The reliability of a test is measured by

A

correlation coefficient

45
Q

What is alternate form reliability?

A

consistency of results of 2 forms given to the same person to assess the same behavior

46
Q

What is split half reliability?

A

refers to the internal consistency of a test, can overestimate reliability since it does not measure stability of scores over time.

47
Q

What is a multigroup pre-test post-test design?

A

an experimental design used to evaluate the effects of 2 or more treatments. A group is added every time there is an additional treatment tested

48
Q

What are the pros of a single subject study design?

A

allows for the integration of research and clinical practice; clients can benefit from treatment if they are participants; can replicate; can generalize results to other clients

49
Q

What are the cons of a single subject study design?

A

cannot be used to predict a client’s behavior; cannot be used to generalize to the public.

50
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

a method used in developmental research in which the same study participants are studied over a period of time

51
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

a method used in developmental research in which study participants from different ages are selected and then observed

PRAXIS (27 decks)

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