Articulation/Phonology/Language Flashcards
How would one describe the language skills of a child with Down’s Syndrome?
They have language skills of a younger typically developing child
What is language extension?
when new information is added to a child’s utterance in a grammatically correct manner (e.g., a child says toy horse, and you reply, “We will play with the little, blue horse)
What is language expansion?
when a child’s utterance is expanded in a grammatically correct manner but no new information is added (e.g., A child says, “She cry?” and you reply, “Yes, she is crying!” A child says Birdie fly? and you reply, “Yes, the bird is flying!”)
What is a class I malocclusion?
normal bite but misalignment of teeth (e.g., overlapping or overcrowded teeth, rotated teeth, gaps between the teeth, open bite, and asymmetry)
What is a class 2 malocclusion?
upper molars too far forward from the lower molars (i.e., an overbite) This can stem from an underdeveloped jaw or an overly prominent upper jaw.
What is a class 3 malocclusion?
underbite (i.e., lower molars too far forward from the upper molars). This can stem from an overly prominent lower jaw.
Which phoneme can be characterized as a voiced, lingua-palatal glide that is + continuant + high?
/j/
What is a continuant?
a consonant that is produced as a result of breath passing through the throat.
How does someone articulate the /s/ sound
tip of your tongue just behind the front two teeth (i.e., the bumpy part). At this point, the sides of the tongue are raised to touch the roof of the mouth, which allows air to pass down the middle of the tongue
What is an example of an entity + Locative
Bird on desk
For the cycles approach, how many patterns are targeted?
only one pattern is targeted
When working with an unintelligible child, what is an appropriate way to obtain a spontaneous speech sample?
provide a situation or a topic in a structured environment
What is the difference between a functional disorder and an organic disorder?
a functional disorder is idiopathic (i.e., no observable cause), whereas an organic disorder is stems from damage to the PNS, CNS, oral mechanism or all of them)
When assessing a child for a speech sound disorder, it is important to do what?
gather a case history, do an oral mechanism exam, gather a speech sample, a hearing screening, assess for stimulability, and administer standardized tests
What phonological processes should be eliminated by the age of 3?
final consonant deletion, assimilation, reduplication, and affrication
What approaches are used to treat issues with producing certain speech sounds?
Van Riper’s traditional approach, sensorimotor approach, and the SATPAC approach
What linguistic approaches are used to treat highly unintelligible children?
establishing phonological rules using the contrast approach, the core vocabulary approach, and the phonological pattern approach
What is the difference between marked sounds and unmarked sounds?
unmarked sounds are easier to acquire whereas marked sounds are harder to acquire
What is the difference between the term phonemic and phonetic?
phonemic is the abstract system of sounds represented by slashes, whereas the phonetic is the concrete representation represented by brackets
When two vowels come together, they form ______
diphthongs, which are produced by a continuous change in the vocal tract shape.
What is the behavioral theory of speech sound acquisition?
child acquire adult like speech by interacting with their caregiver.
What is the natural phonology theory of speech sound acquisition?
theory that children naturally simply speech sounds by using phonological processes because of output contstraints (constraints on production that lead to the simplification of the adult model).
What is the generative phonology theory of speech sound acquisition?
theory that grammar rules of a given culture dictate how you learn the adult representations of speech sounds in your culture.
What is optimality theory?
theory that child’s output matches the adult target through markedness constraints and faithfulness constraints (i.e., capturing features that should be preserved).
According to Oller, the five stages of speech sound production for infants are
phonation (birth to 1 month), cooing or gooing (2 to 4 months), expansion (4 to 6 months), canonical babbling (6-8 months), and variegated babbling (8 months to 1 year)
What sounds should a 2 to 3 years and 11 month old child have?
b,d,p, ng, k,t, w,h,n,m,g,f
What sounds should a 4 to 4 year 11 month old child have?
/s, v, j, sh, ch, l, z/
What sounds should a 5 year to 6 year 11 month old child have?
/r, the z as in measure, voiceless and voiced th/
After the acquisition of /r, voice and voiceless th and z/, then what comes afterwards?
2 letter consonant clusters and then 3 letter consonant clusters
A 2 y/o should be _____% intelligible. A 3 y/o should be _____ % intelligible.
A 4 y/o should be _____ % intelligible
60-70; 75-80; 90-100
At 4 y/o, which phonological processes should not be exhibited?
weak syllable deletion and deaffrication and cluster reduction
At 3.5 y/o, which phonological process should not be exhibited?
fronting
At 5 y/o, which phonological processes should not be exhibited?
alveolarization (substituting a nonvelar sound with a velar sound); depalatalization
At 6 y/o, which phonological processes should not be exhibited?
labialization; prevocalic voicing, gliding
Which of the following is not a general language deficit of children with autism spectrum disorder?
delayed morphosyntactic skills
What are the morphemes acquired in the 3rd stage of Brown’s 14 morphemes?
5th morpheme - irregular past tense (She drank) 6th morpheme - s possessive
7th morpheme - uncontractible copula
What are the morphemes acquired in the 4th stage of Brown’s 14 morphemes?
8th morpheme - article
9th morphme - regular past tense
10th morpheme - 3rd person regular present tense (She falls)
What are the morphemes acquired in the 5th stage of Brown’s 14 morphemes?
11th morpheme - 3rd person irregular present tense (She does or he has)
12th morpheme - uncontractible auxiliary
13th morpheme - contractible copula
14th morpheme - contractible auxiliary
What factors are associated with speech sound disorders?
Gender, intelligence, SES, auditory discrimination skills, first-born and sibling status; language and academic performance
What speech sounds are impacted by an oromyofunctional disorder?
/s/, /z/, /j/, /sh/, /ch/, and the /s/ in measure
A child with oromyofunctional disorder usually has
deviant swallow; tongue tip pushes against the front teeth
Organic causes of a speech sound disorder may include
dysarthria; apraxia; malocclusions; tongue-ties (i.e., ankyglossia); oral-motor coordination skills; oromyofunctional disorders
What are other related assessment objectives when assessing speech sound disorders?
assess for physical, intellectual, and behavior issues; assess hearing and mouth for any dental issues; see if there are any concomitant language disorders and if there are any dialects or other languages spoken
What percentage of correctly produced consonants calculated in a speech sample would be considered severe?
<50%
What percentage of correctly produced consonants calculated in a speech sample would be considered moderate to severe?
50-65%
What percentage of correctly produced consonants calculated in a speech sample would be considered mild to moderate?
60-85%
What percentage of correctly produced consonants calculated in a speech sample would be considered mild?
> 85%
What is McDonald’s sensorimotor approach?
a treatment for speech sound disorders, especially for individuals with oral-motor coordination difficulties; it is based on the assumptions that a syllable is the basic unit of speech production and relies on the principles of coarticulation
What is Hodson and Padson’s cycles approach?
a treatment for speech sound disorders in which children with severe intelligibility go through sounds that they incorrectly produce. A cycle is 5-16 weeks long and they complete 3-6 cycles. Each sound error requires 1 hour of treatment per cycle and is followed by auditory bombardment and play. Only one phonological pattern is targeted.
What is the core vocabulary approach?
an approach for children who produce the same speech sound errors but not due to CAS but rather from not learning the correct sequence for those sounds. Thus, they review 70 core vocabulary words that have the sequence of sounds they are learning. This increases their intelligibility and consistency of productions.
What is the difference between the minimal pairs approach and the maximal contrasts approach?
The minimal pairs approach is focused on pairs of words that differ by only one feature (e.g., pin and bin differ by just the voicing feature). The maximal contrasts approach is when pairs of words differ in more than one phonemic context.
What is the goal of the linguistic approach to treating speech sound disorders?
establish phonological rules for the child along with building and reorganizing their phonological representations
When should an SLP use a motor based approach to treating speech sound disorders?
when a child produces only a few phonemes in error, mild intelligibility issues, and physical difficulty with producing target phonemes.
What is communicative potency?
focuses on functionality of words within a child’s communication environment
What is the developmental treatment approach?
a treatment approach where children focus on sounds that are easiest for them to produce
What is focused stimulation?
a treatment technique in which you model the correct response without correcting the client’s incorrect responses
