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PRAXIS > Assessment and Treatment procedures > Flashcards

Assessment and Treatment procedures Flashcards

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1
Q

What is incidental teaching?

A

a treatment approach in which a person is taught a new behavior in structured situations in their natural environment. The situation is based on their interests and motivations.

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2
Q

What is naturalistic teaching?

A

a treatment approach in which a child is taught a new behavior while performing their daily routine(s). This treatment approach relies upon the child’s interests, needs, and abilities

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3
Q

What is activity-based teaching?

A

A treatment approach in which a person acquires, understands, and applies information learned by completing an activity.

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4
Q

What does classroom-based intervention for students with language impairment in schools entail?

A

entering a classroom an dhelping the students assigned to your caseload (i.e., those with an IEP) achieve their goals.

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5
Q

What is response cost?

A

a behavioral approach in which the cost of a particular response is the loss of a desired item or opportunity, such as taking away a sticker from a child for interrupting you.

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6
Q

What is differential reinforcement?

A

a behavioral approach in which desired behaviors are reinforced and undesirable behaviors are not reinforced.

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7
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

the removal of an undesired stimulus in order to reinforce a desired behavior, such as taking away vegetables to encourage a child to drink water.

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8
Q

What is parallel talk?

A

narrate what the child is doing

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9
Q

What is self-talk?

A

narrate what you are doing as you are with the child

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10
Q

What is recasting?

A

repeating what the child said with a few corrections and/or additions that add meaning

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11
Q

What is focused stimulation?

A

focusing on the names of specific items and repeating them over and over again.

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12
Q

What is the correct sequence to treat a client with auditory comprehension problems?

A

single words –> spoken sentences —> spoken questions –> spoken directions —> discourse

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13
Q

What standardized test is used to assess children with cleft palate for speech sound disorders?

A

Iowa Pressure articulationt test

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14
Q

What are the benefits of using a standardized test?

A

can yield quantitative data; eliminates examiner bias since they must adhere to strict rules and strict directions

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15
Q

What are the limitations of using a standardized test?

A

normative sample may not represent the individual taking the test; it is likely that a small sample size was used to create the test; skills observed during the test may not represent how the child acts in their natural environment; child may struggle to respond in a particular given the format of the test.

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16
Q

What is age or grade equivalence

A

average raw score of a particular age or grade from a section of the normative sample

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17
Q

What is concurrent validity?

A

scores obtained on a new test correlate to scores obtained on a test with similar validity; a moderately positive correlation is acceptable for a new test, whereas an extremely high correlation calls into question the validity of the test.

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18
Q

What is predictive validity?

A

scores obtained on a test that predict performance on a similar test. For example, a high score on a spelling test predicts that that person will obtain a high score in a spelling bee competition

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19
Q

What is construct validity?

A

validity in which the content of a test match the theories or constructs associated with what the test is measuring. For instance, a test that assesses the vocabulary of school-aged children should be based on the theory that children’s vocabulary skills improve as they get older

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20
Q

What is content validity?

A

test items measure the full range of skills that it claims to measure; for example, a test that measures expressive language skills should have expressive language skill tasks

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21
Q

What is the difference between interobserver reliability and intraobserver reliability?

A

interobserver reliability refers to the degree of agreement between two observers assessing the same thing; intraobserver reliability refers to how stable an observer’s assessment of results is during different periods of time

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22
Q

What is alternate form reliability?

A

consistency of measures when two forms of the same test are administered to the same person sampling the same behavior

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23
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same person twice

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24
Q

What is split half reliability?

A

measures the itnernal consistency of a test where responses to items on the first half are correlated with responses given on the second half.

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25
Q

What is a contrastive analysis?

A

assess whether a client has a true speech and/or language disorder by comparing the phonetic inventory of the languages they speak to the phonetic inventory of the English language.

26
Q

What is minimal competency core?

A

the least amount of linguistic skill or knowledge that a typical speaker is expected to display given their age and specific context

27
Q

What is an authentic assessment?

A

assessing a person’s speech and language skills in every day settings and does not use formal testing environment or formal environments

28
Q

What is a rating scale?

A

allows a responder to rate the quantity or severity of what is described

29
Q

What is a developmental inventory?

A

used to track a child’s physical and behavioral changes over time. They are standardized to some extent.

30
Q

What is a functional assessment?

A

assessment that targets a client’s day to day communication skills in naturalistic and personally meaningful contexts; this is especially important for persons with severe communication disorders who cannot express basic needs.

31
Q

What is an antecedent?

A

stimuli or behavior that elicits a response

32
Q

What is a comprehensive and integrated assessment?

A

an assessment in which a clinician employs a traditional approach to assessment (i.e., case history, interview, oral mechanism exam, and language sampling) and then includes tests and procedures that are specific to the client.

33
Q

What is a portfolio assessment?

A

An assessment in which a child’s samples is collected over time in order to observe the growth that the child has made through treatment

34
Q

What does a newborn developmental specialist do?

A

support families and infants with issues involving infant development and behavior as well as hearing conservation and aural rehab; creating individualized assessment and intervention strategies to support infants and caregivers. They are not the primary care coordinator or case manager for the infants

35
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

an event that increases the likelihood of a behavior being performed

36
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

reinforcers that are considered essential for survival (e.g., food and water) and useful for establishing target responses and when working with infants, toddlers, and people with severe intellectual disabilities. It does not depend on past earning or conditioning

37
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

Social or conditioned reinforcers that depend on past conditioning or past learning such as a sticker or money; they are unnatural and are thus learned

38
Q

What is an automatic reinforcer?

A

a person’s behavior reinforces the desired outcome without any outside intervention (e.g., turning on the lights in your room by yourself to lighten the room)

39
Q

What is a backup reinforcer?

A

Reinforcer given at the end of a treatment session in exchange for tokens the clients earned during the treatment session

40
Q

What is a conditioned/generalized reinforcer?

A

reinforcer whose effect does not depend on a particular motivated state of the client

41
Q

What is a conditioned/secondary reinforcer?

A

Events such as praise, smile, and approval that strengthen a person’s response because of past learning

42
Q

What is a fixed-interval schedule?

A

consistent time passing between the provision of two reinforcerments

43
Q

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is earned after a certain number of trials have been completed

44
Q

What is differential reinforcement?

A

Teaching a client to give different responses to different stimuli; reinforce the correct response and ignore incorrect responses

45
Q

What is fading?

A

the power of a stimulus is slowly removed but the response still remains; for example, the use of a mirror to spur someone to correctly produce a sound is slowly taken away

46
Q

What is extinction?

A

withholding reinforces to reduce a response, typically a negative one

47
Q

What is an exemplar?

A

a specific target response that illustrates a broader target behavior

48
Q

What is shaping?

A

teaching a response ,that do not yet exist, through steps that are sequential

49
Q

What is an evoked response?

A

spontaneous response given to natural stimuli

50
Q

What is an evoked trial?

A

clinical procedure where no modeling is given to the client and stimuli are used to provoke a response

51
Q

When treating language and speech sound disorders, the most appropriate treatment strategy to use is

A

normative strategy (targetting behavior based on norms)

52
Q

When working with CLD clients, the most important treatment strategy is

A

client-specific strategy

53
Q

To target useful skills that enhance communication and help meet the demands of the client, the most important treatment strategy is

A

functional communication strategy

54
Q

What is the integrated approach to target behavior selection?

A

appropriate treatment targets based on a client’s age, ethnocultural background, individual traits, and communication requirements

55
Q

What is the typical level of response complexity?

A

syllables —> words —-> phrases —> sentences

56
Q

What is an evoked trial?

A

no modeling provided to a client and stimuli are used to provoke a response

57
Q

What is the general outline of a treatment program?

A

assess client’s communication behavior —> select target behaviors for training —> establish baselines of target behaviors –> plan a comprehensive treatment program –> implement the treatment program —> implement maintenance program —> follow up on client’s progress–> arrange for booster treatment

58
Q

What conducting a case history, what should be collected?

A

a description of the communication disorder; assessment and treatment history; family history; medical history; prenatal, birth, and developmental history; educational history; occupational history

59
Q

What factors influence prognosis?

A

severity of disorder and client’s health

60
Q

For child hearing screening, what frequencies are used?

A

15 dB at 500,1000,2000, and 4000 Hz

61
Q

For adult hearing screening, what frequencies are used?

A

20 to 25 dB at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz

62
Q

What is the difference between a multidisciplinary team, a transdisciplinary, and an interdisciplinary team?

A

A multidisciplinary team consists of members from different disciplines that do their own evaluations.
A transdisciplinary team consists of many specialists working together in the initial assessment but then only one or two work together. An interdisciplinary team has members from many disciplines working together, reviewing their assessments, and collaboratively write the evaluation report.

PRAXIS (27 decks)

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