Fluency Flashcards
Which of the following is a characteristic of cluttering?
abnormal and irregular speaking rate; frequent use of pauses; prosodic patterns that do not conform to syntactic and semantic constraints; excessive coarticulation among sounds, especially multisyllabic words
At what point do listeners judge a person to have stuttered or dysfluent speech
when dysfluencies exceed 5% of the words spoken
How can one define stuttering?
all types of disfluences that pass a measure of 5% of words spoken; when words or speech sounds are repeated; moments or events judged to be stuttering; higher frequency of stuttering-like dysfluences (e.g., sound, syllable, and monosyllabic words, reps, and sound prolongations).
Younger children may stutter on _________, whereas older children may stutter on ___________ .
function words; content words, longer and unfamiliar words, initial sounds of words
Fluency can be defined as
smooth, forward, effortless flow of speech
Fluency is a function of which of the following domains
linguistic skills, cognitive ability, socio-emotional skills, and motoric skills
What should a clinician look for when assessing stuttering?
gather a detailed case history; assess stuttering in conversation and in oral reading; assess speech and articulation rate; figure the types of disfluencies and the variability of disfluencies. Assess negative emotions, avoidance reactions, and motoric responses
When does stuttering typically begin?
between 3-6 years old; however, the risk is over by the age of 5
The prevalence of stuttering may higher in which population than the the general population?
people with intellectual disabilities and those with brain injuries
What are secondary stutterings?
associated motor behaviors such as lots of muscular effort, facial grimaces, rapid eye blinking, knitting of the eyebrows
What is the laryngeal dysfunction hypothesis?
theory that stuttering is because of increased tension in the larynx which causes a delay in VOT
What is the brain dysfunction hypothesis?
theory that stuttering is caused by a lack of a dominant hemisphere
What are learning, conditional, and related hypotheses of stuttering?
theory that stuttering is a learned operational behavior
What is the mismatch hypothesis?
a hypothesis in which the environmental demands exceed a child’s ability to be fluent.
What test would you administer to a child age 4 to 12 to assess for stuttering? Why?
The Test of ChildHood stuttering: it helps you assess the severity of stuttering, associated behaviors, speech rate, evaluate speech naturalness, measure changes in speech and disfluency over time.
How can a clinician assess negative emotional reactions and attitudes towards communication?
have the client describe their negative feelings towards stuttering, or particular speaking situations,
What standardized assessments could a clinician administer to assess negative attitudes and emotions towards speech as well as avoidance behaviors?
Behavior Assessment Battery for Adults who stutter; Behavior Assessment Battery for school-aged children who stutter; KiddyCAT Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children
What standardized assessment can be used to calculate the percent dysfluency rate?
Stuttering Severity Instrument - 4th edition
What standardized assessment can be used to assess the effects of stuttering on a person who stutters?
OASES
What is the purpose of fluency shaping (aka speak more fluently method)?
establish normal fluency
What is the purpose of the fluent stuttering or stuttering modification method?
to modfiy the severity and the visible abnormality of stuttering to achieve more fluent stuttering
What standardized assessment would be appropriate to administer to a 3 y/o child to assess their attitude towards speech and their linguistic level
KiddyCat Communication Attitude Test
In Garnet et al.’s 2018 study on persistent development stutering, they discovered that there was strong evidence of a primary deficit in the left hemisphere in the
lateral premotor cortex and primary motor cortex
When administering indirect therapy to reduce stuttering, parents are advised to
reduce their own rate of speech
What is the consistency effect?
when stuttering occurred on repeatedly reading the same words
What are secondary stutterings?
motor behavior associated with stuttering such as facial grimaces, rapid eye blinking, moving hands or feet, lots of muscular effort
Where would stuttering most likely occur in a speech sample?
on the first word of a phrase/sentence; on the first word of a clause; on longer words; on consonants rather than words; on words not frequently used; on content words; on the first sound/syllable of a word
What is the purpose of the fluent stuttering method of treating stuttering?
to make stuttering more fluent
What are the steps involved in the fluent stuttering method?
identify stutter –> desensitize to the stutter — modify stutter—-stabilize -> counsel
Which techniques are used when modifying a stutter?
cancellations, pullouts, and preparatory sets
What is the purpose of fluency shaping?
to establish normal fluency
What are examples of fluency shaping techniques?
airflow management; easy onset; behavioral training; maintenance strategies; prolonged speech
What is response cost?
a technique that is best used with preschoolers and children up to age 10; parents are counseled as well. children receive a token for every fluently spoken word and a token is taken away from them for every stutter that occurs
What is the difference between the Lidcombe program and the parent-focused treatment?
In the Lidcombe program, parents are trained to teach their child to speak fluently. Parents praise the child for fluent speech and acknowledge disfluencies when they occur. Parent focused treatment centers on parent education and direct treatment program for the child.
What are causes of neurogenic stuttering?
drug toxicity; CVAs; extrapyramidal diseases
