Fluency

Question 1

Which of the following is a characteristic of cluttering?

Answer 1

abnormal and irregular speaking rate; frequent use of pauses; prosodic patterns that do not conform to syntactic and semantic constraints; excessive coarticulation among sounds, especially multisyllabic words

Question 2

At what point do listeners judge a person to have stuttered or dysfluent speech

Answer 2

when dysfluencies exceed 5% of the words spoken

Question 3

How can one define stuttering?

Answer 3

all types of disfluences that pass a measure of 5% of words spoken; when words or speech sounds are repeated; moments or events judged to be stuttering; higher frequency of stuttering-like dysfluences (e.g., sound, syllable, and monosyllabic words, reps, and sound prolongations).

Question 4

Younger children may stutter on _________, whereas older children may stutter on ___________ .

Answer 4

function words; content words, longer and unfamiliar words, initial sounds of words

Question 5

Fluency can be defined as

Answer 5

smooth, forward, effortless flow of speech

Question 6

Fluency is a function of which of the following domains

Answer 6

linguistic skills, cognitive ability, socio-emotional skills, and motoric skills

Question 7

What should a clinician look for when assessing stuttering?

Answer 7

gather a detailed case history; assess stuttering in conversation and in oral reading; assess speech and articulation rate; figure the types of disfluencies and the variability of disfluencies. Assess negative emotions, avoidance reactions, and motoric responses

Question 8

When does stuttering typically begin?

Answer 8

between 3-6 years old; however, the risk is over by the age of 5

Question 9

The prevalence of stuttering may higher in which population than the the general population?

Answer 9

people with intellectual disabilities and those with brain injuries

Question 10

What are secondary stutterings?

Answer 10

associated motor behaviors such as lots of muscular effort, facial grimaces, rapid eye blinking, knitting of the eyebrows

Question 11

What is the laryngeal dysfunction hypothesis?

Answer 11

theory that stuttering is because of increased tension in the larynx which causes a delay in VOT

Question 12

What is the brain dysfunction hypothesis?

Answer 12

theory that stuttering is caused by a lack of a dominant hemisphere

Question 13

What are learning, conditional, and related hypotheses of stuttering?

Answer 13

theory that stuttering is a learned operational behavior

Question 14

What is the mismatch hypothesis?

Answer 14

a hypothesis in which the environmental demands exceed a child’s ability to be fluent.

Question 15

What test would you administer to a child age 4 to 12 to assess for stuttering? Why?

Answer 15

The Test of ChildHood stuttering: it helps you assess the severity of stuttering, associated behaviors, speech rate, evaluate speech naturalness, measure changes in speech and disfluency over time.

Question 16

How can a clinician assess negative emotional reactions and attitudes towards communication?

Answer 16

have the client describe their negative feelings towards stuttering, or particular speaking situations,

Question 17

What standardized assessments could a clinician administer to assess negative attitudes and emotions towards speech as well as avoidance behaviors?

Answer 17

Behavior Assessment Battery for Adults who stutter; Behavior Assessment Battery for school-aged children who stutter; KiddyCAT Communication Attitude Test for Preschool and Kindergarten Children

Question 18

What standardized assessment can be used to calculate the percent dysfluency rate?

Answer 18

Stuttering Severity Instrument - 4th edition

Question 19

What standardized assessment can be used to assess the effects of stuttering on a person who stutters?

Answer 19

OASES

Question 20

What is the purpose of fluency shaping (aka speak more fluently method)?

Answer 20

establish normal fluency

Question 21

What is the purpose of the fluent stuttering or stuttering modification method?

Answer 21

to modfiy the severity and the visible abnormality of stuttering to achieve more fluent stuttering

Question 22

What standardized assessment would be appropriate to administer to a 3 y/o child to assess their attitude towards speech and their linguistic level

Answer 22

KiddyCat Communication Attitude Test

Question 23

In Garnet et al.’s 2018 study on persistent development stutering, they discovered that there was strong evidence of a primary deficit in the left hemisphere in the

Answer 23

lateral premotor cortex and primary motor cortex

Question 24

When administering indirect therapy to reduce stuttering, parents are advised to

Answer 24

reduce their own rate of speech

Question 25

What is the consistency effect?

Answer 25

when stuttering occurred on repeatedly reading the same words

Question 26

What are secondary stutterings?

Answer 26

motor behavior associated with stuttering such as facial grimaces, rapid eye blinking, moving hands or feet, lots of muscular effort

Question 27

Where would stuttering most likely occur in a speech sample?

Answer 27

on the first word of a phrase/sentence; on the first word of a clause; on longer words; on consonants rather than words; on words not frequently used; on content words; on the first sound/syllable of a word

Question 28

What is the purpose of the fluent stuttering method of treating stuttering?

Answer 28

to make stuttering more fluent

Question 29

What are the steps involved in the fluent stuttering method?

Answer 29

identify stutter –> desensitize to the stutter — modify stutter—-stabilize -> counsel

Question 30

Which techniques are used when modifying a stutter?

Answer 30

cancellations, pullouts, and preparatory sets

Question 31

What is the purpose of fluency shaping?

Answer 31

to establish normal fluency

Question 32

What are examples of fluency shaping techniques?

Answer 32

airflow management; easy onset; behavioral training; maintenance strategies; prolonged speech

Question 33

What is response cost?

Answer 33

a technique that is best used with preschoolers and children up to age 10; parents are counseled as well. children receive a token for every fluently spoken word and a token is taken away from them for every stutter that occurs

Question 34

What is the difference between the Lidcombe program and the parent-focused treatment?

Answer 34

In the Lidcombe program, parents are trained to teach their child to speak fluently. Parents praise the child for fluent speech and acknowledge disfluencies when they occur. Parent focused treatment centers on parent education and direct treatment program for the child.

Question 35

What are causes of neurogenic stuttering?

Answer 35

drug toxicity; CVAs; extrapyramidal diseases