Anatomy Flashcards
What is the function of the 11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles of the rib cage?
During exhalation, it decreases the size of the thoracic cavity by pulling the ribs downward
What is the function of the 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles of the rib cage?
During exhalation, it lncreases the size of the thoracic cavity by pulling the ribs upward
If the sensory portion of the lingual nerve, a mandibular branch of CN V, is damaged, then that results in
loss of taste to the anterior 2/3s of the tongue
What are the two main networks involved in language processing?
dorsal stream and ventral stream
In language processing, what is the dorsal stream responsible for?
convert voice into phonemes; word retrieval; learning new vocabulary; aid in short term auditory memory; phonological processing; motor aspects of speech
Which cranial nerve receives all sensory information from the larynx?
superior laryngeal nerve receives all sensory information from the larynx
What are the suprahyoid muscles?
digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, and genioglossus
What is afferent?
sensory information from the body goes to the central nervous system
What is efferent?
motor information from the CNS going to the muscles and glands
Which of the four functions of speech provides energy for it?
respiration
During respiration, what part of the brain is responsible for signaling to the respiratory muscles to inhale oxygen when blood cells need it?
medulla oblongata
What is the process of inhalation?
inhalalation –> chest and lungs expand —> diaphragm lowers —> air enters the nose and the mouth —> air passes through the pharynx and vocal folds —-> air passes through the trachea and bronchioles —> air enters the lungs
What does the RLN of CN X do?
it provides motor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (i.e., interarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and transverse arytenoid); it receives sensory information from below the vocal folds
Which cranial nerve innervates the posterior belly of the digastricus muscle?
CN VII (facial nerve)
What does the pharyngeal branch of CN X do?
provides motor innervation to the muscles of the velum, pharynx (salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngues, and pharyngeal constrictor muscles), and the palatoglossus muscle (extrinsic tongue muslce or a velar muscle)
What structures are involved in respiration?
sternum, rib cage, lungs, trachea, bronchi, spinal cord
Which structure is responsible for the exchange of gas in respiration?
lungs
What are the three parts of the sternum?
manubrium (uppermost part), corpus (middle), and xiphoid process
What are the thoracic muscles of inspiration for respiration?
diaphragm, abdomen, intercostal muscles, external intercostal muscles
For inhalation, which thoracic muscle is involved?
11 paired external intercostals lift the rib cage up and out to increase diameter for inhalation.
What is the sensory function of CN 7?
Carries sensory information from the outer ear and the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
What is the motor function of CN 7?
Controls muscles of facial expression
What is the peripheral function of CN 7?
controls submandibular and sublingual glands as well as glands in the palate
What happens if there is UMN damage for CN VII?
contralateral lower face gets paralyzed
What happens if there is LMN for CN VII?
ipsilateral paralysis of whole face
What does the pharyngeal branch of CN X do?
innervates the muscles of the pharyx (salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngues, and pharyngeal constrictor), soft palate, and palatoglossus (extrinsic tongue muscle or velar muscle)
What structures of the brain are involved in phonation (i.e., producing voice)?
cortical areas (BA 44 (Broca’s), BA 3,2, and 1 (somatosensory cortex), BA 4 (primary motor cortex) and BA 6 (supplemental motor cortex); larynx and VFs; cerebellum, CN VII and X
What does internal superior laryngeal nerve branch of CN X do?
it carries pain, touch, and temperature from the larynx and epiglottis and provides taste sensation from the esophagus and epiglottis
What does the external superior laryngeal nerve of CN X do?
innervates the cricothyroid muscle (which lengthens the vocal folds) and the inferior constrictor muscle (muscle in the pharynx)
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve do?
has a sensory and a motor part; sensory part is that provides sensation from the inside of the larynx; the motor part is that it innervates all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
What is the sensory function of the trigeminal nerve?
It carries sensory information from the sinuses, face, and mucous membranes
What is the motor function of the trigeminal nerve?
it controls the muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, and some hyoid muscles (anterior belly and mylohyoid), and tensor veli palatini
What is the sensory function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
it carries sensory information from the oropharynx, eustachian tube, posterior 1/3 of the tongue, and middle ear cavity, and carotid sinuses
What is the motor function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
it innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, one of three longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
What is a special sensory function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
it provides sense of taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Along with carrying sensory information from the external auditory meatus, laryngopharnx, and larynx, what other sensory functions does CN X have?
Provides visceral sensation to the heart and abdominal viscera
What muscles are involved in elevating the rib cage during inspiration?
serraturs posterior superior; levator costarum brevis; levator costarum longus; external internal muscles
What are the three key accessory neck muscles involved in respiration?
sternocleidomastoid; scalene; trapezius
What are the abdominal muscles of expiration?
quadratus lumborium; rectus abdominis; transverse abdominis; rectus abdominis
What are the parts of the vertebral column?
7 cervical; 12 thoracic; and 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3-4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae
What intrinsic muscles of the larynx adduct the vocal folds?
transverse arytenoids; oblique arytenoids; lateral cricoarytenoids, aryepiglottic muscles
A person who has Wallenberg syndrome will have damage to which part of the brain?
brainstem
What is respiration?
exchange of gas between an organism and their environment; it occurs in the lungs
What are the abdominal muscles of expiration?
latissimus dorsi, transverse abdomens, internal oblique abdomen, rectus abdominis, quadratus lumborium
What are the functions of the larynx?
produces voice via vocal folds; protects the lungs via cough reflex and epiglottis which prevents food from entering the trachea; allows for the buildup of subglottal pressure needed to lift heavy objects
Which cartilage protects the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle abducts the vocal folds?
posterior cricoarytenoid
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle lengthens and tenses VFs, thereby influencing pitch?
cricothyroid muscle
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscles adduct the vocal folds?
lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, thyromuscularis muscle (helps in vocal fold adduction)
Which cranial nerve controls all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles except for the cricothyroid muscle?
RLN of CN X
Which cranial nerve controls the cricothyroid muscle?
SLN of CN X
What parts of the cerebral cortex are responsible for speech-motor control, including phonation?
BA 44 (broca’s area); BA 3,1,2 (Primary somatosensory cortex); BA 6 (supplementary motor cortex); BA 4 (Primary motor cortex)
What role does the cerebellum play in phonation?
coordinates laryngeal muscles; regulates and controls muscle movement
What is the difference between the internal branch and external branch of the SLN?
Internal branch carries all sensory info of the larynx, whereas the external branch innervates the cricothyroid muscle (which lengthens the VFs)
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve of CN X do?
it innervates posterior cricoarytenoid (VF abductor), transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles.
What are the suprahyoid muscles? What do they do?
digastricus, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus; they elevate the larynx
What are the infrahyoid muscles? What do they do?
thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid; they depress the larynx
What CN innervates digastricus muscle and mylohyoid muscle?
CN V
What CN innervates digastricus muscle and styloglossus muscle?
CN VII
What CN innervates geniohyoid, hyoglossus, thyrohyoid, and genioglossus muscles?
CN XII
What are the three layers of the VFs from outermost to innermost?
Squamous epithelium — > lamina propria (superficial, intermediate, and deep) —> vocalis muscle
What is the function of the following: aryepiglottic folds and ventricular folds
aryepiglottic folds preserve the airway, whereas ventricular folds compress during coughing and the lifting of heavy objects
Why do vocal folds vibrate?
because of the force and pressure of air and the elasticity of vocal folds; this is known as the myoelastic theory of phonation
What action by the vocal folds is important to vibration?
mucosal wave action in which the top and middle layer transition over the bottom layer to produce a wave
What is resonance?
The change in the tension of the larynx by the frequency of vibrations in cavitieis and the impact of resonators (pharynx, nasal cavity, and oral cavity)
What is the source-filter theory?
vibrations from the vocal folds (source of speech) are modified by the vocal tract’s resonance which are influenced by articulators (filters speech)
What is articulation? What are key structures of articulation?
modification of sound produced by the larynx into specific sounds for speech. Key structures include soft and hard palate, mandible, teeth, lips, tongue, cheek, and pharynx
What CNs innervate the all parts of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
CN X and XI
What is the only pharyngeal muscle not innervated by CN X and XI? What CN is it innervated by? What does it do?
stylopharyngeus muscles; CN IX; elevates and opens pharynx
What is the only velar muscle not innervated by CN X and XI? What CN is it innervated by? What does it do?
tensor veli palatini; CN V; tenses velum so that the levator veli palatini muscle can lift the soft palate and prevent food from entering the nasopharynx, dilates Eustachian tube so that fluid can come out of it
What are the muscles of the soft palate?
palatoglossus; palatopharyngeus; musculus uvulae; levator veli palatini; tensor veli palatini
What does the serratus anterior do?
elevates the ribs 1-9
Which muscle indirectly influences respiration by controlling the head and elongating the neck?
trapezius
Which muscle elevates the sternum and indirectly influences the rib cage?
sternocleidomastoid
Which muscle stabilizes and rotates the head, they indirectly enlarge the vertical dimension of the thorax?
scalene
Which muscle moves the rib cage and increases and decreases its dimensions?
levator scapulae
Which cranial nerve innervates the infrahyoid muscles?
hypoglossal nerve
What does the ophthalmic branch of CN V do?
carries sensory information from the nose, forehead, and ear
What does the maxillary branch of CN V do?
carries sensory information from the maxilla, upper teeth, upper lip, upper cheek, sinus, and palate
What does the mandibular branch of CN V do?
carries sensory information from the mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, lower cheek, and part of the external ear
What muscles does CN V innervate?
muscles of mastication (i.e., lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, masster, temporalis); tensor veli palatini; tensor tympani; mylohyoid; anterior belly of the digastric muscle
What may happen if there’s damage to CN V?
Trigeminal neuraglia (sharp pain in the mouth); inabiility to close one’s mouth or to chew
What is the difference between supine vs prone vs semi-reclined positions?
supine position is lying on your back and puts pressure on your lungs to breathe because it is working against gravity; prone position is lying on your stomach which puts less pressure on your lungs to breathe; semi-reclined position is lying upright and helps maintain blood pressure and relies pressure on the lower back.
What is a guarded prognosis?
a statement that indicates uncertainty regarding the outcome of recovery given the lack of information a provider has
What parts of the cerebrum does the ACA supply blood to?
medial and superior portion of the frontal lobe and the anterior/superior portion of the parietal lobe; basal ganglia
What parts of the cerebrum does the MCA supply blood to?
most of the lateral surface of the hemisphere except for the superior portion of the parietal lobe and the inferior portion of the temporal lobe and occipital lobe
What parts of the cerebrum does the PCA supply blood to?
occipital lobe; inferior region of the temporal lobe; and the subcortical structures such as the thalamus and the posterior limb of the internal capsule
What arteries supply the cerebellum?
PICA (Posterior inferior cerebellar artery); AICA (Anterior inferior cerebellar artery); SCA (Superior cerebellar artery
The _______ system supplies the telencephalon and diencephalon
carotid artery
The _______ system supplies the cerebellum and brainstem
vertebral basilar
What is the telencephalon?
basal ganglia and the lobes of the brain
What is the diencephalon?
thalamus; hypothalamus
