Language development in children

Question 1

What are the theories of language development?

Answer 1

behavioral theory, nativist theory, cognitive theory, information processing theory, and social interactionism theory

Question 2

What is the behavioral theory?

Answer 2

theory proposed by B.F. Skinner in which behavior influences language learning, such as motivation, social consequences, appropriate stimuli , and verbal responses

Question 3

What is nativist theory?

Answer 3

theory proposed by Noam Chomsky in which children are born with the ability to learn language; they have a language acquisition device. He used the term language competence and language performance too.W

Question 4

What is the information processing theory?

Answer 4

theory that focuses on how language is learned and focuses on working memory and auditory processing

Question 5

What is cognition theory?

Answer 5

theory that focuses on cognition and intellectual processes to learn language

Question 6

What is overextension vs underextension?

Answer 6

overextension is when you extend the meaning of a word past its actual meaning in adult language, such as calling every round object a ball. Underextension is when you restrict the meaning of a word past its actual meaning in adult language such as only calling your cat a cat.

Question 7

What do functions of language include?

Answer 7

labeling, protesting, and commenting

Question 8

What are stages of pragmatic skills for infants?

Answer 8

perlocutionary behavior (signals without communicative intent)–> illocutionary behavior at 9-10 months old (signals w/ communicative intent such as crying to get someone’s attention) —-> locutionary behavior at 12 months (using words to communicate and joint reference occurs)

Question 9

What is the syntax of a typical 1 to 2 year old?

Answer 9

use holophrases at 18 months (i.e., one word to describe a complex idea); use 200 words by 24 months, and can combine two words, uses “and” and produces 3 to 4 word responses; uses one word and vocal and bodily cues; mostly produce nouns

Question 10

What is semantic skills of a typical 1 to 2 year old?

Answer 10

verbalize immediate experiences; use some verbs and adjectives; follow simple commands and one step directions; understands about 200 words; use semantic relations (i.e., utterances that reflect meaning between one to two words; says, “All gone” listens to simple stories, espeicially stories that have been repeated before; follows directions using 1 to 2 spatial concepts

Question 11

What are the pragmatic skills of a typical 1 to 2 year old?

Answer 11

understand rules of dialogue; can both speak and listen; uses presuppositions (i.e., expressions that the child and speaker both ascribe meaning to), can signal intent verbally and nonverbally

Question 12

What are the syntax skills of a 2 to 3 y/o?

Answer 12

MLU of 2.0 to 3.0; use telegraphic speech (two word utterances), use no or not to express negation (e.g., me not going there); SVO format for sentence; asks wh- questions

Question 13

What are the syntax skills of a 3 to 4 year old?

Answer 13

begin to use compound and complex sentences; use tag questions (e.g., you ate my food, didn’t you?); 5 to 6 word sentences; use coordination and subordination; use mostly nouns, verbs, and personal pronouns

Question 14

What is an example of a conjunction when it comes to semantic relations?

Answer 14

noun + noun (toy ball)

Question 15

What is an example of an instrumental?

Answer 15

verb + noun, such as Paint brush or write pencil

Question 16

What is an entity + locative?

Answer 16

noun + locative such as ice in cup

Question 17

What is an example of an action - indirect object?

Answer 17

verb + noun, such as give to mommy

Question 18

What is an example of a nomination?

Answer 18

demonstrative + noun (E.g., this pen)

Question 19

What is an example of a recurrence?

Answer 19

More + noun (e.g., more cups)

Question 20

What is the syntax of a typically developing 3 to 4 year old?

Answer 20

use complex and compound sentences; use embedded forms such as relative clauses; ask tag questions; use passive voice; use mainly nouns, verbs, and pronouns; use modal verbs, subordinating conjunctions and coordinating conjunctions

Question 21

What is the syntax of a typically developing 4 to 5 year old?

Answer 21

use passive voice (The ball was kicked by me); use complex sentences; use if and so; use future tense

Question 22

A typical 3 to 4 year old can say _________ words, whereas a typical 4 to 5 year old can say ________ words.

Answer 22

900 to 1000 words; 1500 to 2000 words

Question 23

At what age do children acquire inflectional morphemes and gerunds?

Answer 23

6 to 7 years old

Question 24

What is the difference in language development between a 2 to 4 mo old and a 4 to 6 mo old

Answer 24

From 2-4 mo, a child turns their head or eyes or startles when they hear noise. They also cry when they need help and coo and cry.

At 4 to 6 mo old, a child begins to produce sounds as they prepare to say words. They also produce marginal babbling and stick their arms out when mom tells them to come here. They also turn their head towards a family member that calls their name.

Question 25

What are traits associated with language development of a 12 mo old child?

Answer 25

Understand at most 15 words, commands, and directions. They typically say their first word. They gesture or vocalize what they want and need too. They exhibit object permanence. They also connect a symbol to an object.

Question 26

What is the difference between a 2 to 3 year old and a 3 to 4 year old with regards to syntax?

Answer 26

A 2 to 3 year old uses telegraphic speech, the words no or not in front of verbs to express negation, and uses SVO structure when producing 3 to 4 word responses.

A 3 to 4 y/o uses compound and complex sentences that are complete. These sentences contain mostly nouns, verbs, and pronouns. They use passive voice and more negation too. They learn devices to connect clauses as well, such as coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Question 27

What is the difference between a 3 to 4 year old and a 4 to 5 year old with regards to syntax?

Answer 27

A 3 to 4 year old begins to produce complex and compound sentences so they learn about clause connecting devices. They also use passive voice and mostly nouns, verbs, and pronouns. Their sentences are complete as well.

A 4 to 5 year old uses future tense, uses more complex sentences, and “if…so” statements. They also are more comfortable using passive voice.

Question 28

What is the difference with regards to syntax between a 4 to 5 year old and a 5 to 6 year old?

Answer 28

At 4 to 5 years old, a child uses future tense, uses more complex sentences, and if…..so statements. They also are more comfortable using passive voice.

At 5 to 6 years old, a child uses past, present, and future tense, asks how, comprehend tense being used in the passive voice, and their language form matches the adult form.

Question 29

When does a child use reflexive pronouns?

Answer 29

At 6 to 7 years old