Special Senses Part One (smell, taste, vision, hearing)

Question 1

What is the special apparatus for olfaction and gustation? Cranial nerves for each?

Answer 1

Chemoreception
Olfaction: CN 1
Gustation: CN 7, 9, 10

Question 2

What is the special apparatus for vision? Cranial nerves?

Answer 2

Photoreception

CN 2

Question 3

What is the special sense in cranial nerve 10?

Answer 3

Taste (in the epiglottis!)

Question 4

Cranial nerves for…
Extra-ocular muscles:
Intra-ocular muscles:

Answer 4

Extra-ocular muscles: CN 3, 4, 6

Intra-ocular muscles: CN 3

Question 5

The intra-ocular muscles are innervated by what kind of fibers?

Answer 5

Sympathetic postganglionic

Question 6

What is the special apparatus for audition and equilibrium? Cranial nerves?

Answer 6

Mechanoreception

CN 8

Question 7

Olfaction…

The nerves have receptors on their surfaces and chemicals bind to it; if the stimulus is large enough, what happens?

Answer 7

You get a big enough graded potential then you generate an action potential

Question 8

Olfactory nerve is an extension of…?

Answer 8

the brain

Question 9

All the nerves going to the olfactory bulb are derived from where?

Answer 9

The olfactory placode

Question 10

All the nerve fibers are buried in what part of the nasal cavity?

Answer 10

the epithelium that lines the nasal cavity

Question 11

In the olfactory epithelia…
What is the name of the basal lamina?
It contains the what?

Answer 11

Lamina propria

Contains olfactory glands

Question 12

The olfactory receptor cells are derived from what?

Answer 12

olfactory placode

Question 13

What is actually covered with the receptors?

Answer 13

The olfactory cilia

Question 14

What differentiates into epithelium itself?

Answer 14

Basal cells

Question 15

What makes up the bulk of the epithelium?

Answer 15

Support cells

Question 16

Epithelium can also differentiate into what?

Answer 16

Glands to secrete stuff

Question 17

In the glands, a certain protein is secretes and binds to water and becomes what?

Answer 17

Mucus

the odorant molecules need the stickiness to dissolve and bind to receptors

Question 18

Olfactory receptor cells have terminal knobs that project where?
What covers those knobs?

Answer 18

at the apex of the epithelial layer

covered with cilia

Question 19

Do olfactory receptor cells have myelin? Why or why not?

Answer 19

No, because the myelin would be a barrier to binding to the odorant

Question 20

The odorants that get dissolved bind to proteins on the surfaces of what?

Answer 20

Olfactory cilia

Question 21

Circumvallate papillae have taste buds and the taste buds have taste pores that “open” to what?

Answer 21

The cleft in the papillae

Question 22

The taste pores allow material to access what?

Answer 22

Gustatory cells

Question 23

What kind of cells only live for about 10 days?

Answer 23

Gustatory cells

Question 24

The molecules get carried down into the cleft after they have been dissolved in what?

Answer 24

Saliva

Question 25

What are the 4 primary tastes? 2 "additional" taste sensations?

Answer 25

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter | Umami, Water

Question 26

The umami sensation has receptors primarily for what amino acid?

Answer 26

Glutamate

Question 27

The sensation for water is spread throughout what? What is it connected to?

Answer 27

Spread throughout the brain | Connected to the brain and water balance system

Question 28

What is the "spicy" sensation? Cranial nerves associated with it?

Answer 28

Pain signals carried by CN V3 and CN 9

Question 29

In the rostral 2/3 of the tongue, what is the CN for... General sensation: Special senses:

Answer 29

General: CN V3 | Special (taste): CN 7

Question 30

What is the pupil?

Answer 30

The dark portion (hole) that allows light to enter

Question 31

What is the iris?

Answer 31

The colorful area surrounding the pupil | has pigmentation

Question 32

What is the sclera?

Answer 32

The white, dense fibrous connective tissue | maintains structure

Question 33

What overlies the pupil and the iris?

Answer 33

The cornea

Question 34

What is the lateral commissure/canthus?

Answer 34

The lateral "corner" of the eye

Question 35

What is the medial commissure/canthus?

Answer 35

The medial "corner" of the eye

Question 36

What is the name of the "bunk" in the medial aspect?

Answer 36

Lacrimal caruncle

Question 37

Only the dorsal lateral area of the eye contains what gland?

Answer 37

Lacrimal gland

Question 38

What comes off the lacrimal gland and into eyelid?

Answer 38

Lacrimal ducts

Question 39

What connects the nasolacrimal duct to the lacrimal caruncle?

Answer 39

Lacrimal canaliculi

Question 40

What is the name of the "holes" of the lacrimal canaliculi?

Answer 40

Lacrimal puncta

Question 41

Explain the pathway of tears.

Answer 41

Tears are created in lacrimal glands and are secreted through lacrimal ducts Tears go onto dorsal lateral surface of the eye When you blind, the tears are pushed across the eye into the lacrimal "lake" Tears enter through lacrimal puncta, go into lacrimal canaliculi, and go into the nasolacrimal duct

Question 42

When you produce an excess of tears, the tears eventually get into your...

Answer 42

Nasal cavity

Question 43

What muscle relaxes when you blink then contacts when you lift your eyelid? What cranial nerve?

Answer 43

levator palpebrae superioris | CN 3

Question 44

What extrinsic eye muscles does the (motor) Oculomotor nerve go to?

Answer 44

Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Inferior oblique

Question 45

What does the (parasympathetic preganglionic) Oculomotor nerve go to? Where do they synapse?

Answer 45

Sphincter pupillae Ciliaris muscle Synapse in ciliary ganglion

Question 46

The oculomotor nerve also carries postganglionic sympathetic innervation to the eye, but where did the preganglionic sympathetic innervation come from? Where did it synapse? Then where does it go?

Answer 46

the thorax to the sympathetic trunk (chain) up to the superior cervical ganglion where it synapses Goes through the carotid canal to the oculomotor nerve and it carried to the eye

Question 47

Where is one of the places that the postganglionic SYMPATHETIC fibers go in the eye that is "opposite" of where the parasympathetic fibers go?

Answer 47

Pupillary dilator