Lecture 4 (FIRST MIDTERM)

Question 1

Joint/articulation classifications:

Answer 1

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

Question 2

Synarthroses (brief description):

Answer 2

immovable

example: skull bones

Question 3

Amphiarthroses (brief description):

Answer 3

slightly movable

example: intervertebral joints

Question 4

Diarthroses (brief description):

Answer 4

highly mobile; freely movable

example: shoulder, hip, knee, wrist, ankle, etc.

Question 5

Synarthroses types and descriptions:

Answer 5

• Suture: joints between cranial bones; held together by dense connective tissue
• Gomphosis: teeth
• Synchondrosis: cartilaginous plate holding 2 pieces of bone together (like the metaphyses)
• Synostosis: complete fusion of cranial bones; no apparent division between bones

Question 6

Amphiarthroses types and descriptions:

Answer 6

• Syndesmosis: a ligament band connecting bones (like tibia and fibula)
• Symphysis: bones separated by a fibrocartilage pad (like pubic symphysis)

Question 7

Diarthroses type(s) and description:

Answer 7

-Synovial joint: hyaline articular cartilage slides freely past each other; freely moving joint

Question 8

Where is the hyaline cartilage NEVER supposed to turn into bone during ossification?

Answer 8

At the articular surface

Question 9

In diarthroses type of joint, the periosteum (outside covering) forms what?

Answer 9

the joint (articular) capsule

Question 10

In synovial joints, what is lining the inside of the joint (articular) capsule? What does it NOT cover?

Answer 10

Synovial membrane

It does NOT line the articular cartilage

Question 11

The synovial membrane secretes what?

Answer 11

synovial fluid

Question 12

What kind of joint is a knee joint?

Answer 12

“Specialized” synovial joint

Question 13

What is the fibrocartilage pad in the knee called?

Answer 13

menisci (plural: meniscus)

Question 14

The menisci does 2 things:

Answer 14

• Acts as a cushion

- Increases the congruence of the joint (fills space and makes it more stable)

Question 15

Flexion
Extension
Hypertension

Answer 15

Flexion: decreases angle between articulating bones
Extension: increases angle between articulating bones (same plane as flexion)
Hypertension: extension past the anatomical position

Question 16

Abduction

Adduction

Answer 16

Abduction: move away from midline
Adduction: move closer to midline

Question 17

Midline in your hands is…

Answer 17

at the 3rd digit

Question 18

Supination

Pronation

Answer 18

Supination: palms up
Pronation: palms down

Question 19

Lateral (external) rotation

Medial (internal) rotation

Answer 19

Lateral (external) rotation: rotate toward the outside

Medial (internal) rotation: rotate toward the middle

Question 20

Opposition

Answer 20

Opposition: movement of thumb toward the surface of the palm (the 5th digit, or pinky, can do this a little bit)

Question 21

Inversion

Eversion

Answer 21

Inversion: twist the sole of the foot inward
Eversion: opposite way; outward

Question 22

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Answer 22

Dorsiflexion: flexion at the ankle; digging heel in ground

Plantar flexion: opposite; standing on tiptoe

Question 23

Protraction

Retraction

Answer 23

Protraction: moving body part forward horizontally
Retraction: reverse
(example: moving jaw from underbite to overbite)