Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 223 > Lecture 2 (FIRST MIDTERM) > Flashcards

Lecture 2 (FIRST MIDTERM) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

There are ____ different cell types but __ tissue types.

A

200, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of tissue AND description of each:

A
  • Epithelial: covers/lines exposed surfaces and forms glands
  • Connective: fills internal spaces, provides structural support, transports material, and stores energy
  • Muscle tissue: specialized for contraction (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle)
  • Neural tissue: carries information via electrical impulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Epithelial “type” tissues are usually derived from what?

Mesenchymal “type” tissues are usually derived from what?

A

Epithelial: ectoderm and endoderm
Mesenchymal: mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Features/characteristics of epithelia:

A

Cellularity: cells stuck together tightly
Polarity: one side is different from the other
Attachment: basal lamina attaches them to connective tissue
Avascularity: no blood vessels
Regeneration: cells can be replaced (either rapidly or constantly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functions of epithelia:

A

Protection: from abrasion, dehydration, destruction by chemical agents
Control permeability: keep fluids in or out
Sensation: sensitive to stimulation because richly innervated; neuroepithelium performs a particular sensory function
Secretion: from specialized gland cells; glandular epithelium produces secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are cilia for?

Microvilli?

A

Cilia: on surfaces where moving substances takes place
Microvilli: on surfaces where absorption and secretion take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tight junctions:

Gap junctions:

A

Tight junctions: prevent the passage of water

Gap junctions: rapid/direct communication between cells (also in cardiac muscle cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In glandular epithelia, the secretions are packaged at the bottom and released at the top. What packages secretions?

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tight junctions come from structures known as __________

A

desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A desmosome is formed by…

A

two cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two types of desmosomes and functions:

A
  • Spot desmosome: small discs that tie adjacent cells together
  • Hemidesmosome: half a spot desmosome; attach a cell to extracellular structures (like the protein fibers in the basement membrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The continual division of _______ cells is the only way the epithelium can maintain its structure over time.
Where are these cells found?
And what are they also known as?

A

Stem cells
Located near the basement membrane (a relatively protected location)
Also called germinative cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Main shapes of epithelia:

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Squamous cells’ shape is…

A

thin, flat, and close together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two basic categories of epithelia:

A

Simple

Stratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Layers in…
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium

A

Simple: one
Stratified: two or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

Functions and basic locations:

A

Functions: reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, absorption and secretion
Locations: alveoli of lungs, pericardial and peritoneal cavities, lining of heart and blood vessels, pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

Functions and basic locations:

A

Functions: protection against abrasion, pathogens, chemicals
Locations: surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, anus, rectum, and vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs is called a…

A

mesothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

Functions and basic locations:

A

Functions: protection, secretion, absorption
Locations: lining of intestine, stomach, gall bladder, uterine (Fallopian) tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Functions and basic locations:

A

Functions: protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia
Locations: lining of trachea, nasal cavity

22
Q

How do we know pseudostratified epithelium is not really layered?

A

Each cell is attached to the basement membrane

23
Q

Transitional epithelium

Functions and basic locations:

A

Functions: stretching and recoiling

Basic locations: bladder, ureters, renal pelvis

24
Q

Two basic types of glandular epithelia and description:

A

Endocrine glands: release into intestinal fluid

Exocrine glands: release into ducts that open onto epithelial surface

25
Q

Modes of secretion and description:

A
  • Merocrine: product is released by exocytosis (like sweat, mucus)
  • Apocrine: loss of the apical portion along with the product
  • Holocrine: destruction of the whole gland cell when product is released
26
Q

3 basic types of connective tissue:

A

Proper connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue
Supporting connective tissue

27
Q

Connective tissue cells have what kind of tissue pattern? Meaning what?

A

Mesenchymal; more disorganized and more space in between each cell

28
Q

Proper connective tissue makeup:

A

Cells + extracellular fibers in a fluid medium called ground substance

29
Q

Divisions of proper connective tissue:

A

Loose and dense

30
Q

Types of cells that may exist in proper connective tissue AND description:

A
  • Fibroblasts: secrete hyaluronan (makes the ground substance viscous - thicker)
  • Macrophages: clean up debris and other cells; release chemicals to stimulate immune system
  • Adipocytes: fat cells; single lipid gets bigger or smaller
  • Mast cells: house histamine (swelling) and heparin (anticoagulant - blood thinner) for inflammatory response
  • Lymphocytes: immune cells; specific against certain material
31
Q

What does hyaluronan do?

A

Makes ground substance thicker and helps “lock” epithelial cells together

32
Q

Why can connective tissue have blood vessels?

A

The cells are far apart

33
Q

Extracellular fibers in connective tissue:

A

Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers

34
Q

What are collagen fibers composed of and where are they found?

A

composed of the protein collagen

tendons and ligaments

35
Q

Reticular fibers
structure:
location:

A

Structure: interwoven “network”
Location: parenchyma of organs (such as the liver)

36
Q

What are elastic fibers composed of?

A

the protein elastin

37
Q

Types of loose connective tissues:
Description:
Location:

A

Areolar tissue: very elastic; between skin and deeper muscle tissue
Adipose tissue: fat - stores energy and cushions; everywhere, but particularly surrounding organs and in joints
Reticular tissue: support tissues in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes

38
Q

Dense regular connective tissue location and structure:

A

Found in tendons and ligaments

Fibers are parallel with each others

39
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue location and structure:

A

Found in skin, perichondrium (surrounding cartilage), periosteum (surrounding bones)
Reticular structure; no pattern but strong all around

40
Q

What is elastic tissue composed of and where is it located?

A

Mainly elastic fibers
Found in elastic ligaments (help stabilize the positions of the vertebrae along spinous processes, not body of vertebrae)

41
Q

Types of cartilages, their locations, and functions.

A

Hyaline: covers the end of bones (articular) for smooth articulation, supports trachea and larynx
Elastic: gets deformed then goes back to normal shape; in ears, nose, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage: prevents bone-to-bone contact (cushioning); intervertebral discs and in knees

42
Q

Exception! Cartilage is usually mesenchymal, but the trachea and larynx cartilage comes from…

A

Ectoderm

43
Q

Bone is vascular or avascular?

A

vascular; blood vessels in the middle

44
Q

The periosteum of a bone is made of what kind of tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

45
Q

Osteocytes communicate with blood vessels and with one another by….

A

canaliculi

46
Q

Differences between cartilage and bone

  • Fluid (ground substance)
  • Vascularity
  • Covering
  • Strength
  • Oxygen demands
  • Nutrient delivery
  • Repair
A
  • Cartilage has fluid; bone has very little
  • Cartilage is avascular; bone is vascular
  • Perichondrium (2 layers); periosteum (2 layers)
  • Bends, hard to break; no distortion until break
  • Cartilage = low; bone = high
  • Diffusion through matrix; diffusion through cytoplasm & interstitial fluid in canaliculi
  • Cartilage = limited; Bone = easier
47
Q

Muscle types:

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

48
Q

Skeletal muscle components:

A
  • Striated
  • Voluntary
  • long & thin multinucleated cells that make up muscle fibers
  • cells contain proteins actin and myosin
49
Q

Cardiac muscle components:

A
  • Striated
  • Involuntary
  • cells are short and branched with single nucleus
  • connected by gap junctions created by intercalated discs
50
Q

Smooth muscle components:

A
  • Not striated
  • Involuntary
  • cells are short and “football” shaped and have one nucleus
  • under autonomic nervous system control (not controlled)
51
Q

2 basic cells of neural tissue:

A 
Neurons (focus our time on these)
Glial cells (supporting cells)

Bio 223 (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions