Lecture 2 (FIRST MIDTERM) Flashcards by Cassidy Griego

There are ____ different cell types but __ tissue types.

200, 4

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Types of tissue AND description of each:

Epithelial: covers/lines exposed surfaces and forms glands
Connective: fills internal spaces, provides structural support, transports material, and stores energy
Muscle tissue: specialized for contraction (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle)
Neural tissue: carries information via electrical impulses

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Epithelial “type” tissues are usually derived from what?

Mesenchymal “type” tissues are usually derived from what?

Epithelial: ectoderm and endoderm
Mesenchymal: mesoderm

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Features/characteristics of epithelia:

Cellularity: cells stuck together tightly
Polarity: one side is different from the other
Attachment: basal lamina attaches them to connective tissue
Avascularity: no blood vessels
Regeneration: cells can be replaced (either rapidly or constantly)

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Functions of epithelia:

Protection: from abrasion, dehydration, destruction by chemical agents
Control permeability: keep fluids in or out
Sensation: sensitive to stimulation because richly innervated; neuroepithelium performs a particular sensory function
Secretion: from specialized gland cells; glandular epithelium produces secretions

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What are cilia for?

Microvilli?

Cilia: on surfaces where moving substances takes place
Microvilli: on surfaces where absorption and secretion take place

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Tight junctions:

Gap junctions:

Tight junctions: prevent the passage of water

Gap junctions: rapid/direct communication between cells (also in cardiac muscle cells)

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In glandular epithelia, the secretions are packaged at the bottom and released at the top. What packages secretions?

Golgi apparatus

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Tight junctions come from structures known as __________

desmosomes

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A desmosome is formed by…

two cells

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Two types of desmosomes and functions:

Spot desmosome: small discs that tie adjacent cells together
Hemidesmosome: half a spot desmosome; attach a cell to extracellular structures (like the protein fibers in the basement membrane)

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The continual division of _______ cells is the only way the epithelium can maintain its structure over time.
Where are these cells found?
And what are they also known as?

Stem cells
Located near the basement membrane (a relatively protected location)
Also called germinative cells

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Main shapes of epithelia:

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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Squamous cells’ shape is…

thin, flat, and close together

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Two basic categories of epithelia:

Simple

Stratified

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Layers in…
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium

Simple: one
Stratified: two or more

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Simple squamous epithelium

Functions and basic locations:

Functions: reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, absorption and secretion
Locations: alveoli of lungs, pericardial and peritoneal cavities, lining of heart and blood vessels, pleura

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Stratified squamous epithelium

Functions and basic locations:

Functions: protection against abrasion, pathogens, chemicals
Locations: surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, anus, rectum, and vagina

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The simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs is called a…

mesothelium

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Simple columnar epithelium

Functions and basic locations:

Functions: protection, secretion, absorption
Locations: lining of intestine, stomach, gall bladder, uterine (Fallopian) tube

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Functions and basic locations:

Functions: protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia
Locations: lining of trachea, nasal cavity

How do we know pseudostratified epithelium is not really layered?

Each cell is attached to the basement membrane

Transitional epithelium

Functions and basic locations:

Functions: stretching and recoiling

Basic locations: bladder, ureters, renal pelvis

Two basic types of glandular epithelia and description:

Endocrine glands: release into intestinal fluid

Exocrine glands: release into ducts that open onto epithelial surface

Modes of secretion and description:

- Merocrine: product is released by exocytosis (like sweat, mucus) - Apocrine: loss of the apical portion along with the product - Holocrine: destruction of the whole gland cell when product is released

3 basic types of connective tissue:

Proper connective tissue Fluid connective tissue Supporting connective tissue

Connective tissue cells have what kind of tissue pattern? Meaning what?

Mesenchymal; more disorganized and more space in between each cell

Proper connective tissue makeup:

Cells + extracellular fibers in a fluid medium called ground substance

Divisions of proper connective tissue:

Loose and dense

Types of cells that may exist in proper connective tissue AND description:

- Fibroblasts: secrete hyaluronan (makes the ground substance viscous - thicker) - Macrophages: clean up debris and other cells; release chemicals to stimulate immune system - Adipocytes: fat cells; single lipid gets bigger or smaller - Mast cells: house histamine (swelling) and heparin (anticoagulant - blood thinner) for inflammatory response - Lymphocytes: immune cells; specific against certain material

What does hyaluronan do?

Makes ground substance thicker and helps "lock" epithelial cells together

Why can connective tissue have blood vessels?

The cells are far apart

Extracellular fibers in connective tissue:

Collagen fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers

What are collagen fibers composed of and where are they found?

composed of the protein collagen | tendons and ligaments

Reticular fibers structure: location:

Structure: interwoven "network" Location: parenchyma of organs (such as the liver)

What are elastic fibers composed of?

the protein elastin

Types of loose connective tissues: Description: Location:

Areolar tissue: very elastic; between skin and deeper muscle tissue Adipose tissue: fat - stores energy and cushions; everywhere, but particularly surrounding organs and in joints Reticular tissue: support tissues in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes

Dense regular connective tissue location and structure:

Found in tendons and ligaments | Fibers are parallel with each others

Dense irregular connective tissue location and structure:

Found in skin, perichondrium (surrounding cartilage), periosteum (surrounding bones) Reticular structure; no pattern but strong all around

What is elastic tissue composed of and where is it located?

Mainly elastic fibers Found in elastic ligaments (help stabilize the positions of the vertebrae along spinous processes, not body of vertebrae)

Types of cartilages, their locations, and functions.

Hyaline: covers the end of bones (articular) for smooth articulation, supports trachea and larynx Elastic: gets deformed then goes back to normal shape; in ears, nose, epiglottis Fibrocartilage: prevents bone-to-bone contact (cushioning); intervertebral discs and in knees

Exception! Cartilage is usually mesenchymal, but the trachea and larynx cartilage comes from...

Ectoderm

Bone is vascular or avascular?

vascular; blood vessels in the middle

The periosteum of a bone is made of what kind of tissue?

Dense irregular connective tissue

Osteocytes communicate with blood vessels and with one another by....

canaliculi

Differences between cartilage and bone - Fluid (ground substance) - Vascularity - Covering - Strength - Oxygen demands - Nutrient delivery - Repair

- Cartilage has fluid; bone has very little - Cartilage is avascular; bone is vascular - Perichondrium (2 layers); periosteum (2 layers) - Bends, hard to break; no distortion until break - Cartilage = low; bone = high - Diffusion through matrix; diffusion through cytoplasm & interstitial fluid in canaliculi - Cartilage = limited; Bone = easier

Muscle types:

Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Skeletal muscle components:

- Striated - Voluntary - long & thin multinucleated cells that make up muscle fibers - cells contain proteins actin and myosin

Cardiac muscle components:

- Striated - Involuntary - cells are short and branched with single nucleus - connected by gap junctions created by intercalated discs

Smooth muscle components:

- Not striated - Involuntary - cells are short and "football" shaped and have one nucleus - under autonomic nervous system control (not controlled)

2 basic cells of neural tissue:

``` Neurons (focus our time on these) Glial cells (supporting cells) ```