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Bio 223 > Lecture 6 part one (SECOND MIDTERM) > Flashcards

Lecture 6 part one (SECOND MIDTERM) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is the nervous system fast acting?

A

It uses electrical impulses

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2
Q

The nervous system is derived from what germ layer?

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

The CNS is derived from…

The PNS is derived from…

A 
CNS = neural ectoderm
PNS = neural crest
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4
Q

Unlike the CNS, the PNS is always…

A

paired; spinal nerves and cranial nerves come out from the left and from the right

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5
Q

Somatic refers to the things you do _________ and visceral refers to the things you do __________.

A

consciously, unconsciously

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6
Q

Somatic sensory name:

Visceral sensory name:

A

Somatic afferent: skeletal muscle, joints, skin sensations

Visceral afferent: internal organ sensations

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7
Q

Somatic motor name:

Visceral motor name:

A

Somatic efferent: voluntary contractions

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): controls itself

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8
Q

Somatic motor nerves send messages where?

A

Musculature of body wall (somatopleure)

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9
Q

Visceral sensory nerves receive signals from where?

A

Organs of splanchnopleure

examples: hunger, discomfort, full bladder, etc.

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10
Q

afferent:
efferent:

A

afferent: toward
efferent: away

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11
Q

4 divisions of the nervous system:

A

Somatic sensory
Somatic motor
Visceral sensory
Visceral motor

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12
Q

The way we refer to the visceral efferent division:

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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13
Q

2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous system,:

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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14
Q

Basic component of the nervous system:

A

Neurons

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15
Q

Other cells that serve as supporting cells:

A

Glial cells

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16
Q

Neurons abilities:

A
  • Can respond to stimuli

- Can conduct an electrical signal

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17
Q 
Anatomy of a motor neuron
Cell body: 
Dendrites:
Axon:
Telodendria:
Synaptic terminals:
A

Cell body: expanded portion
Dendrites: processes that come off the cell body
Axon: longer process
Telodendria: axon divides into these
Synaptic terminals: at the end of telodendria

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18
Q

Where is the nucleus located?

A

The cell body

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19
Q

Where is the stimulus received?

A

Either by the dendrites or on the cell body itself; “On or near the cell body”

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20
Q

The axon is covered by a cell membrane. What is it called?

A

Axolemma

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21
Q

Direction of impulse:

A

Cell body > Axon > Telodendria > Synaptic terminals > next cell

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22
Q

What is used to communicate with the next cell?

A

Synaptic terminals

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23
Q

4 different types of neurons:

A

Anaxonic: no axon (in brain)
Bipolar: 2 axons (special senses, like in nose)
Unipolar: cell body, but just one axon in which the cell body is offset (looks like 2)
Multipolar: one cell body but many dendrites; one axon

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24
Q

What kind of neuron is typical for a motor neuron?

A

Multipolar neuron

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25
Q

What kind of neuron is typical for a sensory neuron?

A

Unipolar neuron

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26
Q

Proper name for unipolar neurons:

A

pseudounipolar neurons

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27
Q 
IMPORTANT CONCEPT (in Noriega's words)
Communication happens.....
A

ON OR NEAR CELL BODY

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28
Q

Stimulus:

A

Change in property of neuron cell membrane

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29
Q

What is myelin? What is it used for?

A

it is a fat that insulates & causes repression of signal degradation

30
Q

How does the electrical signal usually enter?

A

via dendrites

31
Q

How does the electrical signal usually leave?

A

via axon

32
Q

What does myelin prevent?

A
  • prevents the electrical charge from leaking out; “short circuit” (electrical barrier)
  • it is a PHYSICAL barrier
33
Q

In the PNS, myelin is produced by ________ cells called ___________.

A

neuroglial, Schwann

34
Q

In the CNS, myelin is produced by _________ cells called ______________.

A

neuroglial, Oligodendrocytes

35
Q

Where there is no myelin and the axolemma is exposed, there is a:

A

Node (of Ranvier) or Neuralfibro nodes

36
Q

Another difference between Schwann cells in the PNS and Oligodendrocytes in the CNS is…

A

One single Schwann cell will only cover one portion of a single axon
Several processes coming off an Oligodendrocyte will cover multiple segments of multiple axons
*Both have insulating function!

37
Q

A bundle of axons (neurons) in the PNS? In the CNS?

A

PNS: nerve
CNS: tract

38
Q

What is a ganglion? Where is it?

A

A collection of cell bodies

PNS

39
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

40
Q

Define a resting membrane potential.

A

Electrical charge across a cell membrane when the cell is at rest

41
Q

If one side has a different charge than the other, it is said to be…

A

polarized

42
Q

What is the electrical charge at rest?

A

-70mV

43
Q

What does it mean to have an electrical charge of -70mV?

A

It is the different between the inside of the membrane and the outside of the membrane
(The inside is 70mV more negative than the outside)

44
Q

What is the charge difference due to?

A

The differential distribution of charged ions on either side of the membrane

45
Q

Sodium is actively pumped out of the cell, leaving more sodiums on the outside than on the inside. The pump that does this is:

A

the sodium potassium-exchange pump

46
Q

What is the sodium-potassium exchange pump powered by? When doesn’t it work?

A

ATP

It’s always working (unless you’re dead)

47
Q

Ratio of potassium that go in and sodium that goes out:

A

2 potassium in, 3 sodium out

48
Q

What is the net movement?

A

1 positive charge gets pumped out; this is how you build a positive charge on the outside of the cell

49
Q

The inside of the cell is ________ more negative than the _________.

A

-70mV, outside

50
Q

Leak channels work to do what?

A

they establish a normal resting membrane potential; sodium is able to “leak” back into the cell or the potassium is able to “leak” back out of the cell

51
Q

If the pump is always working, what will happen to the charge difference?

A

It will get bigger and bigger; -70 to -80 to -90 and so on

52
Q

The sodium-potassium pump and leak channels work to reach…

A

equilibrium

53
Q

The chemical gradient is what?

A

the concentration gradient

54
Q

Despite its desire to go back out of the cell, potassium will want to stay in the cell because of:

A

the electrical gradient

55
Q

What is stronger, chemical gradient or electrical gradient? What does this mean?

A

Chemical gradient

This means if you let potassium do what it naturally wants to do, it will leave the cell

56
Q

If you combine the two gradients, you will get…

A

the electrochemical gradient

57
Q

If the membrane were freely permeable to potassium ions, the outflow of potassium would continue until what was reached? What’s the value?

A

equilibrium potential; -90mV

58
Q

If the membrane were freely permeable to sodium ions, the influx of sodium would continue until what was reached? What’s the value?

A

equilibrium potential; +66mV

Will become more positive on the inside

59
Q

Learning catalytics:
Where is the sodium concentration higher?
If it’s just concentration gradient, which way will sodium want to go?
Based on electrical gradient, where will sodium want to go?

A
  • Outside the cell
  • Inside of the cell
  • Inside the cell
60
Q

What usually triggers an impulse?

A

A change in the electrical potential (the -70mV charge)

61
Q

The change in the electrical potential is usually caused by…

A

A change in the cell membrane permeability

62
Q

What factors can cause the permeability change of the plasma membrane?

A
  • Can be cause by a stimulus
  • Signal from neighboring cell
  • Deformation of receptor cell of a special sense
63
Q

Different gated-channels:

A
  • Chemically gated (ligand-gated) channels
  • Voltage gated channels
  • Mechanically gated channels
64
Q

Chemically gated…

A

open or close when they bind specific chemicals

example: the receptors that bind acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

65
Q

Voltage gated…

A

open or close in response to changes in the membrane potential

66
Q

If a stimulus is strong enough to trigger an impulse, it is called a:

A

threshold stimulus

67
Q

A threshold stimulus is for what kind of channel?

A

Voltage gated channel

it is an electrical value

68
Q

A graded potential just means…

A

as you move away from the center (the strongest change), the difference gets “smaller and smaller”

69
Q

For voltage-gated channels at what mV do these events occur?
Opening of inactivation gate:
Opening of activation and inactivation gate:
Close of inactivation gate:

A

Opening of inactivation gate: -70mV
Opening of activation and inactivation gate: -60mV
Close of inactivation gate: +30mV

70
Q

Spread of sodium ions inside plasma membrane produces a local current that does what?

A

depolarizes adjacent portions of the plasma membrane

Bio 223 (34 decks)

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