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Bio 223 > Lecture 3 (FIRST MIDTERM) > Flashcards

Lecture 3 (FIRST MIDTERM) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the integument and descriptions:

A

Protection: physical and against desiccation
Excretion: ions, water, organic waste
Temp. maintenance: insulation and cooling
Vitamin D3 synthesis: calcium balance
Lipid storage
Sensation: touch, pressure, pain, temperature

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2
Q

Layers of the integument:

A 
Cutaneous membrane
Superficial fascia (or hypodermis or subcutaneous layer)
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3
Q

Layers of the cutaneous membrane:

A

Epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

Layers of the dermis:

A

Papillary and reticular

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5
Q

Dermal papillae connect with…

A

Epidermal ridges

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6
Q

Fingerprints are made from…

A

Epidermal ridges

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7
Q

Layers of the epidermis from top to bottom:

A 
Stratum corneum (dead)
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum
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8
Q

Stratum germinativum layer:

A
  • Also called stratum basale
  • Contains hemidesmosomes that attach to the basal lamina
  • Basal cells divide through mitosis and replace (differentiate into) more superficial keratinocytes
  • Contains melanocytes (pigment cells)
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9
Q

Stratum spinosum layer:

A
  • Cells pushed from stratum germinativum
  • Cells start to differentiate to keratinocytes, which have multiple layers, still dividing
  • Participate in immune response
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10
Q

Stratum granulosum layer:

A
  • Darker layer because of granules inside cells
  • Cells pushed up from stratum spinosum
  • Keratinocytes of multiple layers but less now; not dividing (still alive)
  • Granules are made of vesicles with heratohyalin inside - helps cells further differentiate into keratin (start to dehydrate)
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11
Q

Stratum lucidum layer:

A
  • Not always there; thick skin has it (hands/feet), thin skin does not
  • covers stratum granulosum
  • flattened and densely packed cells filled with keratin
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12
Q

How can peel off sheets of skin when you get sunburnt?

A

The dead cells in each layer of the stratum corneum are tightly connected by desmosomes

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13
Q

Stratum corneum layer:

A
  • Most superficial
  • 15-30 layers of keratinized cells, tightly connected with desmosomes
  • Important for water retention
  • Karatinization (or cornification) is the hardening of cells
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14
Q

Papillary layer:

A
  • Consists of areolar tissue

- Contains capillaries, lymphatics, sensory neurons

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15
Q

Reticular layer:

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • stretchy but tough
  • elastin + collagen fibers
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16
Q

Hypodermis (or superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer):

A
  • Consists of areolar and adipose tissues

- Lots of blood vessels

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17
Q

Origins of…
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

A
  • Epidermis: ectodermal - stratified squamous epithelium
  • Dermis: mesodermal - collagen, elastic fibers, papillary layer, and reticular layer
  • Hypodermis: mesodermal
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18
Q

Hair is what kind of structure?

A

accessory

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19
Q

The hair follicle surrounds what?

A

The hair itself

20
Q

The hair grows from…

A

the hair bulb

21
Q

The hair papilla contains:

A

Vasculature

Innervation

22
Q

The tip of the hair papilla is…

A

The hair matrix

23
Q

Where in the hair are the germinative cells located?

A

The hair matrix

24
Q

Layers of the hair (from inner to outer):

A

Medulla of hair
Cortex of hair
Cuticle of hair

25
Q

The hair root stops and the hair shaft usually begins where…

A

you find the sebaceous gland

26
Q

When arrector pili contracts, what happens?

A
  • It pulls the follicle and forces the hair to stand erect (goose bumps too)
  • Squeezes lipids and oily fluids out of sebaceous gland and go onto hair
27
Q

Nerves and blood vessels go into/out of what part of the hair?

A

The hair papilla

28
Q

In comparison to the layers of epidermis, the matrix of the hair is the “same” as…

A

The stratum germinativum (basale)

29
Q

The waxy, protective layer on the outside of your hair is…

A

the cuticle

30
Q

After the cuticle of the hair, the next outer portion is…

A

the hair follicle (not part of the hair)

31
Q

The external root sheath:

A

an extension of the epidermis

32
Q

After the external root sheath, the next outer portion is the…

A

glassy membrane

33
Q

The glassy membrane is the derivative of…

A

the basal lamina

34
Q

Concerning a basal lamina connected to epithelial tissue, what’s on the other side?

A

connective tissue

35
Q

Inner part of the nail that is “buried” in your tissues is…

A

the nail root

36
Q

The nail is germinating (growing) from…

A

the nail matrix

37
Q

The white crescent part at the base of your nail is called…

A

the lunula

38
Q

The lunula is white because…

A

no blood vessels

39
Q

The eponychium and hyponychium are really just extensions of…

A

stratum corneum

40
Q

The “cuticle” of your nail is called

A

the eponychium

41
Q

The technical term for sweat glands is…

A

sudoriferous glands

42
Q

2 basic types of sudoriferous (sweat) glands and description:

A

Eccrine/merocrine sweat glands: merocrine secretion method; regular sweat/perspiration
Apocrine sweat glands: merocrine secretion method; develops in combination with hair follicles of armpit, around nipples and pubic

43
Q

Mammary glands:

A
  • “Modified” sweat glands

- Apocrine secretion method

44
Q

Sebaceous glands:

A
  • Holocrine secretion method

- Associated with hair follicle

45
Q

Sebaceous follicle:

A

Collection of sebaceous glands which are not associated with hair follicles

46
Q

Ceruminous glands:

A
  • Modified sweat gland inside the ear

- Secrete cerumen (earwax)

47
Q

Where are the germinative cells in the hair located?

A

hair matrix

Bio 223 (34 decks)

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