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Bio 223 > Lecture 9 part one (SECOND MIDTERM) > Flashcards

Lecture 9 part one (SECOND MIDTERM) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What kind of tissue surrounds the muscle? What is it called?

A

Connective tissue; Epimysium

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2
Q

What makes up a muscle?

A

Fascicles or muscle bundles

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3
Q

What kind of tissue surrounds the muscle bundle? What is it called?

A

Connective tissue; Perimysium

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4
Q

What makes up the muscle bundle?

A

Muscle fibers/cells (myocytes)

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5
Q

What kind of tissue surrounds the muscle cells? What is it called?

A

Connective tissue; Endomysium

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6
Q

What makes up muscle fibers/cells?

A

Muscle fibrils (myofibrils)

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7
Q

What makes up the muscle fibrils?

A

Sarcomeres

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8
Q

What makes up a sarcomere?

A

Muscle filaments

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9
Q

What makes up a muscle filament?

A

Proteins

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10
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber?

A

sarcomere

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11
Q

The complex of a transverse tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a…

A

triad

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12
Q

Name the muscle layers from superficial to deep.

A 
Epimysium
Perimysium
Fascicle
Endomysium
Muscle Fiber
Myofibril
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13
Q

The repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the…

A

sarcomere

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14
Q

At rest, what blocks actin from attachment to myosin?

A

troponin

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15
Q

The area in the center of the A band that contains no thin filaments is the..

A

H band

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16
Q

Unlike smooth and cardiac muscle, striated muscle has multiple…

A

nuclei

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17
Q

2 proteins involved in skeletal (striated) muscle:

Which is thick and which is thin?

A

actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

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18
Q

What makes skeletal muscle appear striated?

A

myofibrils

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19
Q

What indicates the ends of the sarcomere?

A

Z lines

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20
Q

What is the “middle” of the sarcomere called?

A

M line

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21
Q

What do the actin attach to?

A

Z lines

22
Q

What is the portion that is JUST thin filaments?

A

I band

23
Q

What is the dark region where thin filaments are located between thick filaments?

A

Zone of overlap

24
Q

What is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber called?

A

sarcolemma

25
Q

What does the sarcolemma surround?

A

sarcoplasm

26
Q

Each myofibril is surrounded by a network of tubes and sacs. What do the tubes and sacs do and together what are they called?

A
  • They transmit the continuation of the nerve impulse to the muscle cell
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum
27
Q

What runs at right angles and connects to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

transverse tubules (T tubules)

28
Q

Depolarization (and action potential) from neuron at neuromuscular junction carries on through what?

A

the T-tubules

29
Q

What “stores” calcium? and where?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

terminal cisternae

30
Q

Many muscle fibers may be innervated by one motor neuron. This complex is called the…

A

motor unit

31
Q

Junction between neuron and muscle fiber is the…

A

neuromuscular junction

32
Q

Actual contact, or the spot of communication, is at the…

A

motor endplate

33
Q

What floods into the end of neuron at a neuromuscular junction, triggering the release of a neurotransmitter? What is the neurotransmitter?

A

Calcium

Acetylcholine

34
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium into what?

A

myofibril

35
Q

When a myosin head rocks back toward the M-line, it attaches to the actin filament and forms what?

A

a cross-bridge

36
Q

Troponin is laced around the actin in a spiral-like manner by a structural protein called what?

A

tropomyosin

37
Q

When calcium floods in, the calcium binds to what?

A

Troponin

38
Q

What does calcium do to the troponin-tropomyosin complex?

A

it changes the shape enough to move it out of the way and allow the cross-bridge to form and the myosin heads to rock backward

39
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

When one dies, no ATP is available, and movement is not possible

40
Q

ATP is not required to…

but it IS required to…

A

rock the cross bridges

detach and reset them

41
Q

What covers the active sites on the G-actin and prevents actin-myosin interaction?

A

tropomyosin

42
Q

Thin filaments sliding toward the center of each sarcomere alongside the thick filaments is called…

A

the sliding filament theory

43
Q

Cells of cardiac muscle tissue…

A

cardiocytes

44
Q

Compared to skeletal muscle, what does cardiac muscle LACK?

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum lacks terminal cisternae; there is NO triad!

45
Q

Skeletal muscle has long, multinucleated cells (fibers). How are cardiac cells?

A

Uninucleate and branching

46
Q

Intercalated discs are…

Function?

A
  • Sarcolemmas of adjacent discs that are interdigitating and connected by gap junctions
  • Signal can travel directly from cell to cell, essentially causing the muscle to act like a single cell (coordinated)
47
Q

Prepotential, or pacemaker potential, is described as…

A

specialized cardiac muscle cells (more like nerves) that contain very little myofibrils are called the Conducting System or Nodal System

48
Q

Nodes included in Conducting System:

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Conducting cells

49
Q

Even if there is no neuronal signal, what will sodium do to the heart? Because of what?

A

It will cause the membrane potential to reach threshold on its own.
Because of the “leaky” cells of the nodes

50
Q

Unlike striated muscle, the calcium binds to what? What does it activate?

A

binds to Calmodulin

activates Myosin Light Chain Kinase

51
Q

What is plasticity? What muscle has this trait?

A

The ability to function over a wide range of lengths

Smooth muscle

52
Q

Kinase allows what?

A

cross bridges to form, thus initiating contraction

Bio 223 (34 decks)

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