Lecture 5 (FIRST MIDTERM) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the axial skeleton (general):

A

Support
Protection
Respiration (VENTILATION)

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2
Q

The vertebral column comes from…

A

the somites

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3
Q

Somites migrate ventrally to the notochord and do what?

A

fuse to each other and break up the notochord into segments

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4
Q

The notochord now exists where?

A

in between the somites (now sclerotomes; vertebral bodies)

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5
Q

Remember…

Somites break up into what 3 categories?

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome
*If you don’t remember what they turn into next, then go back and master the other decks >:(

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6
Q

The myotome that comes from a somite (sclerotome) and connects to the same somite (sclerotome) cannot cause movement. Why?

A

Because the muscular structure is NOT crossing a joint

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7
Q

Each sclerotome has a line of separation. How is each sclerotome labeled?

A

Superior portion and inferior portion

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8
Q

When the line of separation “splits” the sclerotomes, what happens to them? What about the myotomes?

A

The superior portion fuses with the inferior portion from above it. The myotomes DO NOT split.

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9
Q

CONNECTION TIME!

When each sclerotome fuses with the portion above it, what can now happen?

A

The myotomes can now produce movement because they are now crossing a joint!

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10
Q

After the sclerotomes fuse with the portions above them and the myotomes cross joints, what’s the last fusion that must occur?

A

Each pair of the sclerotomes moves toward the middle toward the notochord and fuses with each other and CHOPS UP the notochord into pieces.

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11
Q

Does the Dorsal hollow nerve tube get chopped up? Why or why not?

A

No, it is protected by a “bony canal”

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12
Q

The notochord develops into what?

A

Part of the intervertebral disc (not the entire thing)

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13
Q

What is really being protected, the notochord or the dorsal hollow nerve tube?

A

Not the notochord - it gets chopped up!

The dorsal hollow nerve tube gets protected

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14
Q

What does it mean to have a homolog?

A

It shares a common origin; derived from the same tissue

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15
Q

Serial homologs:

A

A series of structures that came from the same thing

example: all vertebrae are serially homologous to each other

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16
Q

Intervertebral foramina allow what?

A

They allow peripheral nerves to emerge and go out to the body

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17
Q

Intervertebral discs are made of what on the outside and then what in the middle?

A
Fibrocartilage pad (anulus fibrosus) on the outside
Nucleus pulposus in the middle
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18
Q

What is the only little piece left from the notochord?

A

The nucleus pulposus

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19
Q

When you put extreme pressure on your vertebrae, you can actually weaken the anulus fibrosus and push out some of the nucleus pulposus. Why is this bad? What can happen?

A

Called a herniated disc

It can put pressure on an emerging nerve or the central nervous system itself; can damage it

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20
Q

What do cervical vertebrae have that is unique?

A

transverse foramen

also bifid spinous process

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21
Q

What runs through the transverse foramen?

A

Vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and vertebral nerve

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22
Q

What is C1? C2?

A

C1: Atlas
C2: Axis

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23
Q

Joint name when you nod “yes”

Joint name when you shake your head “no”

A
"Yes" = Atlanto-occipital joint
"No" = Atlas-axis joint
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24
Q

What do thoracic vertebrae have that is unique? What do they do?

A

costal facets

articulates with ribs

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25
How many of these costal facets? Name them.
3 Superior costal facet Inferior costal facet Transverse costal facet
26
Ribs identification - Head: Body: Tubercle:
Head: part that articulates with thoracic vertebrae Body: lost part (shaft) Tubercle: below the neck
27
A rib actually articulates where?
In between vertebral bodies; intervertebral discs
28
The head of the rib and the rib tubercle create what kind of action?
a hinging action
29
Median sacral crest is homologous to:
Spinous processes of vertebrae
30
Promontory of sacrum is homologous to:
Body of vertebrae
31
Ala is homologous to:
Transverse foramen of vertebrae
32
Spinal nerves emerge from where?
Intervertebral foramina in between the vertebrae
33
``` Spinal nerves numbering Cervical: Thoracic: Lumbar: Sacral: ```
Cervical: 8 (starts on top, ends on bottom) Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacral: 5
34
Regions of sternum from top to bottom:
Manubrium Body Xiphoid process
35
True ribs: | False ribs:
True ribs: ribs 1-7 | False ribs: ribs 8-12
36
What does the hyoid bone belong to?
axial skeleton
37
Limbs are multisegmental. How many segments are they usually derived from?
6
38
The pectoral girdle is ___________ to the body wall while the pelvic girdle temporarily ___________ the body wall.
superficial; interrupts
39
The pectoral limb attaches to ________ aspect of body wall while the pelvic limb attaches to ________ aspect of body wall.
dorsal; ventral
40
Is the hip bone axial or appendicular?
Appendicular
41
Brachium is homologous to:
Femur, thigh
42
Antebrachium is homologous to:
Grus
43
Manus is homologous to:
Pes
44
Pectoral girdle is homologous to:
Pelvic girdle
45
The os coxa is homologous to:
Scapula
46
The femur is homologous to:
Humerus
47
What is the portion between the knee and the ankle referred to?
The crural region (the crust)
48
The 2 bones of the crural region:
tibia and fibula
49
The fibula is homologous to:
Ulna
50
The tibia is homologous to:
Radius
51
Trapezium is homologous to:
Medial cuneiform
52
Trapezoid is homologous to:
Intermediate cuneiform
53
Capitiate is homologous to:
Lateral cuneiform
54
Hamate is homologous to:
Cuboid
55
Scaphoid is homologous to:
Navicular
56
Lunate is homologous to:
Talus
57
Triquetral and pisiform are together homologous to:
Calcaneus
58
Medial cuneiform is homologous to:
Trapezium
59
Intermediate cuneiform is homologous to:
Trapezoid
60
Lateral cuneiform is homologous to:
Capitate
61
Cuboid is homologous to:
Hamate
62
Navicular is homologous to:
Scaphoid
63
Talus is homologous to:
Lunate
64
Calcaneus is homologous to:
Triquetral and pisiform together
65
On the first digit of the foot (pes) and the hand (manus), there are how many phalanges?
two; proximal phalanx and distal phalanx
66
How many phalanges on the other digits
three; proximal, middle, distal