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Bio 223 > Lecture 5 (FIRST MIDTERM) > Flashcards

Lecture 5 (FIRST MIDTERM) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of the axial skeleton (general):

A

Support
Protection
Respiration (VENTILATION)

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2
Q

The vertebral column comes from…

A

the somites

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3
Q

Somites migrate ventrally to the notochord and do what?

A

fuse to each other and break up the notochord into segments

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4
Q

The notochord now exists where?

A

in between the somites (now sclerotomes; vertebral bodies)

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5
Q

Remember…

Somites break up into what 3 categories?

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome
*If you don’t remember what they turn into next, then go back and master the other decks >:(

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6
Q

The myotome that comes from a somite (sclerotome) and connects to the same somite (sclerotome) cannot cause movement. Why?

A

Because the muscular structure is NOT crossing a joint

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7
Q

Each sclerotome has a line of separation. How is each sclerotome labeled?

A

Superior portion and inferior portion

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8
Q

When the line of separation “splits” the sclerotomes, what happens to them? What about the myotomes?

A

The superior portion fuses with the inferior portion from above it. The myotomes DO NOT split.

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9
Q

CONNECTION TIME!

When each sclerotome fuses with the portion above it, what can now happen?

A

The myotomes can now produce movement because they are now crossing a joint!

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10
Q

After the sclerotomes fuse with the portions above them and the myotomes cross joints, what’s the last fusion that must occur?

A

Each pair of the sclerotomes moves toward the middle toward the notochord and fuses with each other and CHOPS UP the notochord into pieces.

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11
Q

Does the Dorsal hollow nerve tube get chopped up? Why or why not?

A

No, it is protected by a “bony canal”

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12
Q

The notochord develops into what?

A

Part of the intervertebral disc (not the entire thing)

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13
Q

What is really being protected, the notochord or the dorsal hollow nerve tube?

A

Not the notochord - it gets chopped up!

The dorsal hollow nerve tube gets protected

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14
Q

What does it mean to have a homolog?

A

It shares a common origin; derived from the same tissue

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15
Q

Serial homologs:

A

A series of structures that came from the same thing

example: all vertebrae are serially homologous to each other

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16
Q

Intervertebral foramina allow what?

A

They allow peripheral nerves to emerge and go out to the body

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17
Q

Intervertebral discs are made of what on the outside and then what in the middle?

A 
Fibrocartilage pad (anulus fibrosus) on the outside
Nucleus pulposus in the middle
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18
Q

What is the only little piece left from the notochord?

A

The nucleus pulposus

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19
Q

When you put extreme pressure on your vertebrae, you can actually weaken the anulus fibrosus and push out some of the nucleus pulposus. Why is this bad? What can happen?

A

Called a herniated disc

It can put pressure on an emerging nerve or the central nervous system itself; can damage it

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20
Q

What do cervical vertebrae have that is unique?

A

transverse foramen

also bifid spinous process

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21
Q

What runs through the transverse foramen?

A

Vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and vertebral nerve

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22
Q

What is C1? C2?

A

C1: Atlas
C2: Axis

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23
Q

Joint name when you nod “yes”

Joint name when you shake your head “no”

A 
"Yes" = Atlanto-occipital joint
"No" = Atlas-axis joint
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24
Q

What do thoracic vertebrae have that is unique? What do they do?

A

costal facets

articulates with ribs

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25
Q

How many of these costal facets? Name them.

A

3
Superior costal facet
Inferior costal facet
Transverse costal facet

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26
Q

Ribs identification -
Head:
Body:
Tubercle:

A

Head: part that articulates with thoracic vertebrae
Body: lost part (shaft)
Tubercle: below the neck

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27
Q

A rib actually articulates where?

A

In between vertebral bodies; intervertebral discs

28
Q

The head of the rib and the rib tubercle create what kind of action?

A

a hinging action

29
Q

Median sacral crest is homologous to:

A

Spinous processes of vertebrae

30
Q

Promontory of sacrum is homologous to:

A

Body of vertebrae

31
Q

Ala is homologous to:

A

Transverse foramen of vertebrae

32
Q

Spinal nerves emerge from where?

A

Intervertebral foramina in between the vertebrae

33
Q 
Spinal nerves numbering
Cervical:
Thoracic:
Lumbar:
Sacral:
A

Cervical: 8 (starts on top, ends on bottom)
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5

34
Q

Regions of sternum from top to bottom:

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

35
Q

True ribs:

False ribs:

A

True ribs: ribs 1-7

False ribs: ribs 8-12

36
Q

What does the hyoid bone belong to?

A

axial skeleton

37
Q

Limbs are multisegmental. How many segments are they usually derived from?

A

6

38
Q

The pectoral girdle is ___________ to the body wall while the pelvic girdle temporarily ___________ the body wall.

A

superficial; interrupts

39
Q

The pectoral limb attaches to ________ aspect of body wall while the pelvic limb attaches to ________ aspect of body wall.

A

dorsal; ventral

40
Q

Is the hip bone axial or appendicular?

A

Appendicular

41
Q

Brachium is homologous to:

A

Femur, thigh

42
Q

Antebrachium is homologous to:

A

Grus

43
Q

Manus is homologous to:

A

Pes

44
Q

Pectoral girdle is homologous to:

A

Pelvic girdle

45
Q

The os coxa is homologous to:

A

Scapula

46
Q

The femur is homologous to:

A

Humerus

47
Q

What is the portion between the knee and the ankle referred to?

A

The crural region (the crust)

48
Q

The 2 bones of the crural region:

A

tibia and fibula

49
Q

The fibula is homologous to:

A

Ulna

50
Q

The tibia is homologous to:

A

Radius

51
Q

Trapezium is homologous to:

A

Medial cuneiform

52
Q

Trapezoid is homologous to:

A

Intermediate cuneiform

53
Q

Capitiate is homologous to:

A

Lateral cuneiform

54
Q

Hamate is homologous to:

A

Cuboid

55
Q

Scaphoid is homologous to:

A

Navicular

56
Q

Lunate is homologous to:

A

Talus

57
Q

Triquetral and pisiform are together homologous to:

A

Calcaneus

58
Q

Medial cuneiform is homologous to:

A

Trapezium

59
Q

Intermediate cuneiform is homologous to:

A

Trapezoid

60
Q

Lateral cuneiform is homologous to:

A

Capitate

61
Q

Cuboid is homologous to:

A

Hamate

62
Q

Navicular is homologous to:

A

Scaphoid

63
Q

Talus is homologous to:

A

Lunate

64
Q

Calcaneus is homologous to:

A

Triquetral and pisiform together

65
Q

On the first digit of the foot (pes) and the hand (manus), there are how many phalanges?

A

two; proximal phalanx and distal phalanx

66
Q

How many phalanges on the other digits

A

three; proximal, middle, distal

Bio 223 (34 decks)

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