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Bio 223 > Lecture 4 (FIRST MIDTERM) > Flashcards

Lecture 4 (FIRST MIDTERM) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system:

A
  • Support and protection
  • Mineral (calcium and phosphorus) and lipid storage (yellow marrow - fatty)
  • Hematopoiesis (red marrow) - creating blood cells
  • Movement
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2
Q

Types of cartilage:

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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3
Q

Dentin and enamel are derived from what specific germ layer?

A

Neural crest ectoderm

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4
Q

What are cartilage cells?

A

chondrocytes

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5
Q

The manner is which cartilage grows:

A

Interstitial growth (between the cells)

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6
Q

The perichondrium means…

and is made of what?

A

around the cartilage

dense irregular fibrous connective tissue

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7
Q

Bone cells are called…

A

Osteocytes

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8
Q

Organic content of bones:

A

Osteocytes and collagen

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9
Q

Mineral (inorganic) content of bones:

A

Hydroxyapatite

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10
Q

Types of bones and describe each.

A 
Long bones: longer than they are wide
Flat bones: flatter than they are high
Short bones: almost cubes (not perfectly)
Sesmoid bones: look like sesame seeds
Sutural bones: between cranial sutures
Irregular bones: unique
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11
Q

If you start “attaching” minerals to the matrix of cartilage, what happens?

A

It changes into bone

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12
Q 
Examples of each type of bone
Long bones:
Flat bones: 
Short bones:
Sesmoid bones: 
Sutural bones: 
Irregular bones:
A
  • Long bones: most limb bones including phalanges
  • Flat bones: cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula
  • Short bones: carpal and tarsal bones
  • Sesmoid bones: patella, intratendonous bones
  • Sutural bones: between cranial structures
  • Irregular bones: vertebrae, pelvic bones, some cranial bones
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13
Q

What is different about sesmoid bones?

A

They grow inside tendons (like patella bone)

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14
Q

Elevations and projections features
Process:
Ramus:

A

Process: generic term for a projection
Ramus: a projection that forms a sharp angle

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15
Q 
Tendon or ligament features
Trochanter/Tuberosity:
Tubercle:
Crest/Line:
Spine:
A

Trochanter/Tuberosity: rough projections (usually for attachment of ligament/tendon - more surface area)
Tubercle: smooth projection (smaller attachments)
Crest/Line: large and small ridges
Spine: a point

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16
Q 
Articulation features
Head:
Neck:
Condyle:
Trochlea:
Facet:
A

Head: expanded articular end
Neck: narrow area between head and shaft
Condyle: smooth, rounded articular portion (in pairs)
Trochlea: grooved articular portion
Facet: flat articular area (in between vertebrae)

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17
Q 
Depressions and openings features
Fossa:
Sulcus:
Foramen vs. canal:
Fissure:
Sinus:
A

Fossa: a depression
Sulcus: a groove (elongated depression)
Foramen vs. canal: single hole vs. 2 connecting holes
Fissure: a cleft
Sinus: a hollow area (usually air-filled)

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18
Q

Parts of a bone
Diaphysis:
Epiphysis:
Metaphysis:

A

Diaphysis: shaft (single; unpaired)
Epiphysis: expanded end (paired)
Metaphysis: transitional zone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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19
Q

What is the actual growth plate?

A

Metaphysis

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20
Q

Structure of bone
Compact bone:
Spongy bone:
Marrow cavity:

A

Compact bone: dense shell around marrow cavity
Spongy bone: at the ends; lots of holes; meshwork
Marrow cavity: hollow center in the diaphysis

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21
Q

The marrow cavity is also referred to as…

A

the medullary cavity

22
Q

The compact bone is also referred to as…

A

cortical bone (cortex)

23
Q

The spongy bone is also referred to as…

A

trabecular bone (“beam”)

24
Q

What kind of tissue is bone?

A

connective tissue

25
Q

What does the matrix of a bone consist of?

A
  • Extracellular fibers (most collagen with inorganic crystals)
  • Ground substance (the fluid - minimal)
26
Q

Most of the mass of bone is…

A

Inorganic; hydroxyapatite mineral

27
Q

Hydroxyapatite mineral structure:

A

Hard, inflexible, brittle; will break

28
Q

What hold the hydroxyapatite crystals in place?

A

Collagen fibers

29
Q

Combination of ______ and _______ makes bone strong and slightly flexible.

A

Organic content and inorganic content

30
Q

Osteocytes:

A

Mature bone cells that occupy lacunae

31
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Little spaces in the matrix that hold one osteocyte per lacuna

32
Q

Osteocytes are connected via what?

A

Canaliculi (tiny little channels)

33
Q

Functions of osteocytes:

A
  • Maintain the matrix environment

- Repair damaged bone

34
Q

Osteochondral progenitor cells:

Located:

A
  • Stem cells that will become osteoblasts
  • Located on the interior endosteum (lining the inside of the bone in the marrow cavity)
  • And periosteum (outside of marrow cavity)
35
Q

Osteoblasts:

A
  • Produce new bone
  • Secrete the organic matrix (osteoid)
  • Promote deposition of hydroxyapatite
36
Q

Osteiod is…

A

Organic component of matrix before it becomes mineralized

37
Q

Osteoclasts:

A
  • Large cells that break down/dissolve bone matrix

- Multi-nucleated

38
Q

Where are osteoclasts derived from?

A

macrophages

39
Q

What is the very middle of bone? And what can you find?

A

Central canal

Blood vessels

40
Q

What has layers and surrounds the central canal?

A

Osteon

41
Q

Where do you find circumferential lamellae?

A

The outer and inner surfaces (circumference) of the bone, where they are covered by the periosteum and endosteum

42
Q

Structure of a periosteum:

A

Fibrous outer layer

Cellular inner layer

43
Q 
Basic biomechanics 
Force:
Load:
Stress:
Strain: 
Elasticity:
Stiffness:
A

Force: mass x acceleration
Load: a force applied to an object
Stress: force/area
Strain: deformation resulting from stress
Elasticity: ability to experience strain and return to original shape
Stiffness: resistance to bending

44
Q

2 main types of bone and characteristics:

A

Compact (cortical) bone: dense; stress from limited directions; resists compression & tension; heavy
Spongy (trabecular) bone: resists stress from many directions; stress lines; light

45
Q

Functional unit of compact bone….

A

Osteon

46
Q

Perforating canals allow what?

A

Blood to come from outside and go from one central canal to another, all the way to the innermost portion of the bone (medullary cavity)

47
Q

Other names for…
Central canal:
Perforating canal:

A

Central canal: Haversian canal

Perforating canal: Volkmann’s canal

48
Q

Where is spongy bone located?

What happens at these locations?

A
  • At the ends of long bones

- Articulation with other bones

49
Q

Spongy bone helps to do what?

A

Receives stress and helps to distribute loads from the articular condyles to the cortical (inner) bone where it is the strongest

50
Q

Compact bones and spongy bones work together to…

A

Most efficiently handle the load placed on it

Bio 223 (34 decks)

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