Lecture 4 (FIRST MIDTERM) Flashcards by Cassidy Griego

Functions of the skeletal system:

Support and protection
Mineral (calcium and phosphorus) and lipid storage (yellow marrow - fatty)
Hematopoiesis (red marrow) - creating blood cells
Movement

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Types of cartilage:

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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Dentin and enamel are derived from what specific germ layer?

Neural crest ectoderm

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What are cartilage cells?

chondrocytes

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The manner is which cartilage grows:

Interstitial growth (between the cells)

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The perichondrium means…

and is made of what?

around the cartilage

dense irregular fibrous connective tissue

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Bone cells are called…

Osteocytes

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Organic content of bones:

Osteocytes and collagen

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Mineral (inorganic) content of bones:

Hydroxyapatite

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Types of bones and describe each.

Long bones: longer than they are wide
Flat bones: flatter than they are high
Short bones: almost cubes (not perfectly)
Sesmoid bones: look like sesame seeds
Sutural bones: between cranial sutures
Irregular bones: unique

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If you start “attaching” minerals to the matrix of cartilage, what happens?

It changes into bone

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Examples of each type of bone
Long bones:
Flat bones: 
Short bones:
Sesmoid bones: 
Sutural bones: 
Irregular bones:

Long bones: most limb bones including phalanges
Flat bones: cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula
Short bones: carpal and tarsal bones
Sesmoid bones: patella, intratendonous bones
Sutural bones: between cranial structures
Irregular bones: vertebrae, pelvic bones, some cranial bones

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What is different about sesmoid bones?

They grow inside tendons (like patella bone)

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Elevations and projections features
Process:
Ramus:

Process: generic term for a projection
Ramus: a projection that forms a sharp angle

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Tendon or ligament features
Trochanter/Tuberosity:
Tubercle:
Crest/Line:
Spine:

Trochanter/Tuberosity: rough projections (usually for attachment of ligament/tendon - more surface area)
Tubercle: smooth projection (smaller attachments)
Crest/Line: large and small ridges
Spine: a point

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Articulation features
Head:
Neck:
Condyle:
Trochlea:
Facet:

Head: expanded articular end
Neck: narrow area between head and shaft
Condyle: smooth, rounded articular portion (in pairs)
Trochlea: grooved articular portion
Facet: flat articular area (in between vertebrae)

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Depressions and openings features
Fossa:
Sulcus:
Foramen vs. canal:
Fissure:
Sinus:

Fossa: a depression
Sulcus: a groove (elongated depression)
Foramen vs. canal: single hole vs. 2 connecting holes
Fissure: a cleft
Sinus: a hollow area (usually air-filled)

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Parts of a bone
Diaphysis:
Epiphysis:
Metaphysis:

Diaphysis: shaft (single; unpaired)
Epiphysis: expanded end (paired)
Metaphysis: transitional zone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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What is the actual growth plate?

Metaphysis

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Structure of bone
Compact bone:
Spongy bone:
Marrow cavity:

Compact bone: dense shell around marrow cavity
Spongy bone: at the ends; lots of holes; meshwork
Marrow cavity: hollow center in the diaphysis

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The marrow cavity is also referred to as…

the medullary cavity

The compact bone is also referred to as…

cortical bone (cortex)

The spongy bone is also referred to as…

trabecular bone (“beam”)

What kind of tissue is bone?

connective tissue

What does the matrix of a bone consist of?

- Extracellular fibers (most collagen with inorganic crystals) - Ground substance (the fluid - minimal)

Most of the mass of bone is...

Inorganic; hydroxyapatite mineral

Hydroxyapatite mineral structure:

Hard, inflexible, brittle; will break

What hold the hydroxyapatite crystals in place?

Collagen fibers

Combination of ______ and _______ makes bone strong and slightly flexible.

Organic content and inorganic content

Osteocytes:

Mature bone cells that occupy lacunae

What are lacunae?

Little spaces in the matrix that hold one osteocyte per lacuna

Osteocytes are connected via what?

Canaliculi (tiny little channels)

Functions of osteocytes:

- Maintain the matrix environment | - Repair damaged bone

Osteochondral progenitor cells: | Located:

- Stem cells that will become osteoblasts - Located on the interior endosteum (lining the inside of the bone in the marrow cavity) - And periosteum (outside of marrow cavity)

Osteoblasts:

- Produce new bone - Secrete the organic matrix (osteoid) - Promote deposition of hydroxyapatite

Osteiod is...

Organic component of matrix before it becomes mineralized

Osteoclasts:

- Large cells that break down/dissolve bone matrix | - Multi-nucleated

Where are osteoclasts derived from?

macrophages

What is the very middle of bone? And what can you find?

Central canal | Blood vessels

What has layers and surrounds the central canal?

Osteon

Where do you find circumferential lamellae?

The outer and inner surfaces (circumference) of the bone, where they are covered by the periosteum and endosteum

Structure of a periosteum:

Fibrous outer layer | Cellular inner layer

``` Basic biomechanics Force: Load: Stress: Strain: Elasticity: Stiffness: ```

Force: mass x acceleration Load: a force applied to an object Stress: force/area Strain: deformation resulting from stress Elasticity: ability to experience strain and return to original shape Stiffness: resistance to bending

2 main types of bone and characteristics:

Compact (cortical) bone: dense; stress from limited directions; resists compression & tension; heavy Spongy (trabecular) bone: resists stress from many directions; stress lines; light

Functional unit of compact bone....

Osteon

Perforating canals allow what?

Blood to come from outside and go from one central canal to another, all the way to the innermost portion of the bone (medullary cavity)

Other names for... Central canal: Perforating canal:

Central canal: Haversian canal | Perforating canal: Volkmann's canal

Where is spongy bone located? | What happens at these locations?

- At the ends of long bones | - Articulation with other bones

Spongy bone helps to do what?

Receives stress and helps to distribute loads from the articular condyles to the cortical (inner) bone where it is the strongest

Compact bones and spongy bones work together to...

Most efficiently handle the load placed on it