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Bio 223 > Lecture 7 part two (SECOND MIDTERM) > Flashcards

Lecture 7 part two (SECOND MIDTERM) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The lower motor neurons send their axons out through where?

A

the ventral root

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2
Q

2 very basic types of reflex arcs:

A

Monosynaptic: one synapse
Polysynaptic: more than one synapse

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3
Q

Example of monosynaptic reflex arc and of polysynaptic reflex arcs:

A

mono: stretch reflex
poly: withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex) and crossed extensor reflex

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4
Q

Stretch reflex:

A

stretches receptors inside of the muscle; signal is carried through by somatic afferent neuron and it goes directly to the motor nuclei; will contract the muscle in defense

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5
Q

Stretch reflex muscles and main nerves associated with them:

A 
Biceps: C5, C6
Brachioradialis: C6
Triceps: C7
Patellar: L4
Calcaneal Tendon: S1
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6
Q

A patient has no patellar stretch reflex. Where is the damage?

A

L4

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7
Q

What do interneurons do? Where are they located?

A
  • they distribute sensory information and coordinate motor activity
  • located between sensory and motor nerves
  • the more complex the response to a given stimulus, the more interneurons are involved!
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8
Q

The 2 different types of signals being sent in withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex) and cross extensor reflex:

A

inhibitory

excitatory

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9
Q

In a cross extensor reflex, a motor response to the stimulus also occurs where?

A

on a side opposite the stimulus

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10
Q

The protective coverings of the nerves are known as…

A

meninges

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11
Q

3 meninges from outer to inner:

A 
dura mater (tough mother)
arachnoid mater (spider mother)
pia mater (soft mother)
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12
Q

The meninges only exist where?

A

around the CNS

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13
Q

The pia mater has little extensions coming off called…

What do they do?

A

denticulate ligaments

-prevents spinal cord by moving around and slamming against vertebral column

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14
Q

The nerve and nerve roots get “dragged” in what direction?

A

caudal (inferior)

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15
Q

Bones continue to grow, but what stops growing? What also keeps growing?

A
  • the central nervous system stops growing

- the peripheral nervous system keeps growing

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16
Q

Where the spinal column and spinal cord taper off, it is called…

A

the conis medullaris

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17
Q

The conis medullaris has this little “piece” of connective tissue coming all the way down and anchoring it at the very end of the meninges; where the dura ends, what anchors the conis medullaris?

A 
filum terminale (terminal thread)
(prevents movement and damage to spinal cord)
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18
Q

The portion with all of the nerve roots that contributes to the spinal nerves emerging after is called what?

A

cauda equina

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19
Q

What is the specific bilateral region of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves?

A

dermatome

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20
Q

A complex interwoven network of nerves is called a…

A

nerve plexus

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21
Q

What are the only rami involved in the nerve plexus for our limbs?

A

ventral rami

22
Q

Your limbs only develop from what region?

A

hypaxial

23
Q

Because your limbs only develop from the hypaxial region, they get their nerve innervation from…

A

ventral rami

24
Q

Usually how many segments combine to form a limb?

A

6

25
Q

Dorsal divisions serve what muscles? Ventral divisions?

A

Dorsal: dorsal muscles (extensors, elevators)
Ventral: ventral muscles (flexors, depressors)

26
Q

In the Lumbosacral plexus…

Cranial division:

A

L2, L3, L4

27
Q

In the Lumbosacral plexus…

Caudal division:

A

L5, S1, S2

28
Q

When you combine the peroneal (fibular) nerve and tibial nerve, it forms one single nerve called…

A

the sciatic nerve

29
Q

Femoral nerve..

Roots and selected muscles

A

L2, L3, L4

Hip flexors, quadriceps

30
Q

Obturator nerve…

Roots and selected muscles

A

L3, L4

Adductors

31
Q

Peroneal nerve…

Roots and selected muscles

A

L4, L5

Tibialis anterior

32
Q

Superior gluteal nerve…

Roots and selected muscles

A

L4, L5, S1

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

33
Q

Tibial nerve…

Roots and selected muscles

A

S1, S2

Gastrocnemius

34
Q 
In the Brachial plexus...
Segmental roots:
Trunks:
Divisions:
Cords:
Terminal nerves:
A

Segmental roots: C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Trunks: Superior, middle, inferior
Divisions: each of the 3 trunks divides into dorsal or ventral
Cords: posterior (dorsal divisions) and lateral & medial (ventral divisions)
Terminal nerves: posterior cord = axillary nerve, radial nerve. lateral & medial cords = musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve

35
Q

In the Brachial plexus, a “root” can mean…

A

a spinal nerve which is contributing to the formation of a plexus

36
Q

Axillary nerve…

Roots and selected muscles

A

C5, C6

Deltoid, long head of triceps brachii

37
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve…

Roots and selected muscles

A

C5, C6

Biceps brachii, brachioradialis

38
Q

Radial nerve…

Roots and selected muscles

A

C7, C8

Other triceps heads, extensors

39
Q

Median nerve…

Roots and selected muscles

A

C8, T1

Most wrist flexors, radial side digital flexors

40
Q

Ulnar nerve…

Roots and selected muscles

A

C8, T1

Ulnar side wrist and digital flexors

41
Q

The lateral cord and medial cord combine into what?

A

the median nerve

42
Q

Basic concept…
Paresis:
Plegia:

A

Paresis: weakness
Plegia: paralyzed

43
Q

Quadriplegia:
Paraplegia:
Hemiplegia:
Monoplegia:

A

Quadriplegia: all 4 limbs are paralyzed
Paraplegia: lower limbs are paralyzed
Hemiplegia: one side is paralyzed
Monoplegia: one limb is paralyzed

44
Q

Lower motor neuron lesion characteristics:

A
  • Atrophy (because of the lack of nutrition; trophic factors)
  • Hypotonia: lost of lower reflexes; flaccid
  • Hyporeflexia: don’t show the reflex
  • Tends to affect small groups of muscle
45
Q

Damage to peroneal nerve could be from damage of what? or what nerve root?
What is a sign?

A
  • Trauma to knee or fibula
  • Nerve root L4, L5, S1 lesion
  • Foot drop, toe drag (equine gait, stoppage gait, slapping gait
46
Q

Damage to superior gluteal nerve could be from damage of what?
What is a sign?

A
  • Trauma to buttocks (stabbing, intramuscular injection)

- Hip drop (waddling gait)

47
Q

What is Saturday night palsy (crutch palsy) is a result from damage of what?
What is a sign?

A
  • Damage to radial nerve

- Wrist drop, inability to extend arm

48
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion characteristics:

A
  • Atrophy is RARE
  • Hypertonia: contant contraction; rigid & tight (spasticity = quick very strong stretch reflex. Clonus = stretches and locks in place)
  • Hyperreflexia: reflexes are stronger
  • Tends to affect large groups of muscle
  • Muscles working against gravity are stronger (pointing toes, upper limb flexors, lower limb extensors)
49
Q

What may be the cause of circumduction gait (hemiparesis)? Signs?

A
  • May be due to stroke, or even lesion in cervical spinal cord that affects one side
  • Leg extensors are hypertonic, difficult to flex knee and raise toes
50
Q

What may be the cause of scissors gait (paraparesis)? Signs?

A
  • May be due to trauma in thoracic region or cerebral palsy

- Leg extensors are hypertonic, difficult to flex knees and raise toes

Bio 223 (34 decks)

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