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Soul,Mind And Body- Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What is behaviourism ?

A

Observing human behaviours and believing that our behaviour is influenced by our environment and that we learn all or behaviour

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2
Q

What is category error ?

A

A language problem when things are believed to be part of one category when in fact they belong to another

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3
Q

What is dualism ?

A

The belief that the mind and body work together
You can’t have one without the other

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4
Q

What is materialism ?

A

The only real things are those with matter
An individual is a physical thing and nothing else

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5
Q

What is monism ?

A

The opposite of dualism
We are only one substance

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6
Q

What is the nicene creed ?

A

Statement of belief on what the church believes about the nature of god

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7
Q

What does psyche mean ?

A

Greek term that mean mind

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8
Q

What is reductionism ?

A

Everything can be reduced to a statement about physical bodies

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9
Q

What does scepticism mean ?

A

Doubting the truth of something

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10
Q

What is the soul ?

A

The non physical part of you

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11
Q

What is substance dualism ?

A

There are two substances that exist which are the mental and physical and they are two different substances

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12
Q

What is lockes prince and pauper theory ?

A

There is a prince and a cobbler (shoe maker)
One night the memories and consciousness of the prince are transferred to the cobbler
And the other way round

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13
Q

What is Theseus ship theory ?

A

A ship which keeps being replaced until none of the ship has the original materials
If they kept back all the materials an built another ship , would that be the original ship or a new ship ?

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14
Q

Why is plato a dualist ?

A

He talks about a soul being separate from the body

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the soul according to plato ?

A

Unchanging
Eternal
Non-physical
Possesses knowledge
Simple

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the body according to plato ?

A

Changes
Temporal
Physical
Gives rise to opinions
Made up of parts

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17
Q

What does plato say our bodies are controlled by ?

A

The unreliable and perfect senses , which deceive us

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18
Q

Why does plato think the body is a prison for the soul ?

A

It chains us to our senses
The soul is real and trapped in the body
It longs to escape and return to the world of the forms

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19
Q

What is the analogy of the charioteer and horses ?

A

One of the horses behaves , the thr one doesn’t
The soul works best when the charioteer( or reason ) is in charge
The horses often pull in different directions
Our appetites can lead us to things that are not helpful

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20
Q

What are the three parts of the soul plato ?

A

Reason
Desire
Spirit

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21
Q

What is reason in the soul ?

A

Searches for the truth
Rules the soul

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22
Q

What is desire in platos soul ?

A

Seeking pleasure for yourself

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23
Q

What is spirit in platos soul ?

A

Includes aspects that can be trained such as agressiveness , honour and emotion

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24
Q

Give reasons why plato argues that there is a soul

A

Our soul has witnessed things from th world of th forms , so that is why we cn recognise things as similar

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25
Q

Where was the soul in the past - plato ?

A

Realm of the forms
The soul has knowledge of the forms before being pulled to earth by the appetites

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26
Q

Where is the soul in the present ?- plato

A

Incarnated in the body
Experiences all the tension of the conflict between body and soul
Body= prison
Soul is liberated at death

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27
Q

Where will the soul go in the future ? - plato

A

Will be freed from the body
Reincarnated into another body
Or eventually return to the realm of the forms

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28
Q

What do christians believe about the soul?

A

God creates the soul
It has a beginning
God is omnipotent and can destroy anything he wants to
Immortality of the soul is a gift from god not something the soul has a right to

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29
Q

What do the two horses represent ?

A

Spirit and the physical appetites

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30
Q

What cause does Aristotle believe the body is ?

A

Material cause

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31
Q

What cause does Aristotle believe the soul is ?

A

Formal cause

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32
Q

What does Aristotle believe about the soul ?

A

Not distinct from the body
Can’t be separated from the body
Not a simple immortal substance
Doesn’t continue when you die

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33
Q

How does Aristotle know that there is a soul ?

A

Used observation and sense experience

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34
Q

What is the quote form Aristotle that states the soul is connected to the body ?

A

“It indubitably follows that the soul is insuperable from the body “

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35
Q

What are the three elements of the soul for risotto e ?

A

Vegetative soul
Appetitive soul
Intellectual soul

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36
Q

What is the vegetative soul ?

A

Shared with all living things

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37
Q

What is the appetitive soul ?

A

We find out passions and appetites

38
Q

What is the intellectual soul ?

A

Its the rational part that tells us what decisions to make

39
Q

What is the wax seal example ?

A

The imprint cannot be separated from the wac , this is like the inseparable body and soul
Wax = body
In print = soul

40
Q

What is the animal spirit ?

A

Spirit stuff that fills the arteries and ventricles to move the body according to the descartes model

41
Q

What is dualism ?

A

The belief that humans are both body and soul and that the two are in fact separate

42
Q

What is the pineal gland ?

A

The seat of the soul (mind) within the brain according to descartes model

43
Q

What is the soul in descartes model ?

A

The driving force

44
Q

What is substance dualism ?

A

Idea that two elements (mind and body )are two wholly different substances

45
Q

Why is the mind completely different to the body ?

A

Mind is a thinking thing and lacks the usual attributes of physical objects (size , shape , location

46
Q

What is the cogito ?

A

“I think , therefore i am “

47
Q

What is the cogito supporting ?

A

Descartes realised that there was fact that he could not doubt . This was the fact that he was there thinking sceptically
He is thinking so he is deffo real

48
Q

How was descartes certain that he had a mind ?

A

He was thinking

49
Q

Why does descartes believe that the mind and body are completely different ?

A

The body can be split up into parts howeve the mind cannot

50
Q

What did descartes believe about the mind ?

A

The part of the Jody which had the most concentration of the soul was the pineal gland , which was in the base of the brain
From here the soul commanded the body like a marionette

51
Q

Why did descartes chose the pineal gland in his theory ?

A

It was the only unique element of the brain and so suited the requirements of his theory

52
Q

Was descartes a dualist ?

A

Yes

53
Q

What is a quote by descartes which shows the body can be split up into parts ?

A

“The body is by its very nature always divisible , while the mind is utterly indivisible “

54
Q

Why could descartes not doubt hi existence as a thinker /

A

If h is doubting then he is thinking

55
Q

Who was Daniel dennett ?

A

Critic of substance dualism
Disagrees with the fact that the mind is like a theatre where i am the audience of one
He says that the mind and soul do not work in this way

56
Q

Who was Gilbert Ryle ?

A

Attempts to refute descartes substance dualism
He uses the term “ghost in the machine “to describe descartes concept of the mind
He says that descartes is guilty of category error

57
Q

What is Gilbert rules best known work ?

A

The concept of mind (university of Chicago press , 1949)

58
Q

What is the first example that Gilbert Ryle gives about category error?

A

Someone goes to Cambridge university
He looks at the college , the fitzwilliam university and the libraries and so on
At the end he asks “so where is the university ?”
He is guilty of category. Error cos he assumes that the uni is something separate from all the individual bits which are collectively the uni

59
Q

What is the second example Gilbert Ryle gives about category error ?

A

A boy watches a military parade
He sees the squadrons , platoons , and batteries
He then asks where is the division not knowing he has seen it but just in parts

60
Q

What is the third example Gilbert Ryle gives about category error ?

A

Someone goes to their first game of cricket
They see the stumps , bails and the umpire
He then asks where is the team spirit ?

61
Q

How is descartes guilty of category error ?

A

He assumes that sentences about causes , sensation sor events mst be either mental or physical , he presupposes an unjustified assumption that they can’t be both

62
Q

What type of argument is rules rgument ?

A

It is holistic , it is not a denial of the mental or saying that the mental is just material
His philosophy is monist not materialit

63
Q

What does Ryle think the role of a philosopher is the same as ?

A

A cartographer who maps the territory but does not create it

64
Q

Explain the ghost in the machine ?

A

The mind is the pilot., the body s the mechanism
Ghost is in charge of the machine

65
Q

What is materialism ?

A

Theory that physical matter is the only reality and that everything , including thought , feeling , mind and will can be explained in terms of matter and physical phenomena

66
Q

What do materialist believe about life after death ?

A

They are generally against t
However some argue for a bodily resurrection

67
Q

What does dennettt think that consciousness really is ?

A

More likely to be lots of processes in the physical brain

68
Q

What does dennettt argue about materialism ?

A

There isn’t no place within the mind or brain where thinking , subjective experiences or consciousness happen

69
Q

What is the identity theory ?

A

Materialists argue that the identity of the person is linked to the physical body
When the physical body ends the person ends
Emotions , feeling and thoughts come from the brain not the soul

70
Q

What can the identity theory be supported by ?

A

Scientific research which can point to the modification of mood , behaviour and character by drugs
Sugggests that the mental activity is not linked to an immaterial soul

71
Q

Who was john hick ?

A

Soft materialist
Disagrees with plato

72
Q

What does john hick believe ?

A

We are our bodies BUT our bodies have a spiritual dimension (not a soul )!
Mental depends on the body
Just because we are material beings does nto mean we are just material beings

73
Q

What evidence do materialists give for there being nothing more than a body ?

A

Physiologists have scanned brains to track neural activities in the brain which show areas which are used for processing information and remembering experiences.

74
Q

Who is Dawkins ?

A

A materialist thinner

75
Q

What does Dawkins believe in ?

A

He rejects any notion of the disembodied soul
He finds no empirical evidence that there is a soul
He mocks religious believers for supporting a bizarre notion
He does acknowledge the mystery of consciousness tho

76
Q

What is soul 1?

A

(God part f your soul - which Dawkins proving this is wrong)
People in the past needed to explain why humans were rational , thinking beings
It describes a mystical life force that Dawkins calls “mystic jelly”
Dawkins claims that this is not an explanation
A separate thing that contains our personality

77
Q

What is soul 2 ?

A

Our intellect or mental abilities
Dawkins believes that it will be explained by scientists soon probably through DNA

78
Q

Why does Dawkins reject the idea of a soul ?

A

There is little empirical evidence for a soul

79
Q

What is a strength of materialism ?

A

Brain scanners can detect changes in the brain which shows that the thoughts are caused by physical activities not the soul

80
Q

What are the weaknesses of materialism ?

A

Even though brain scanners have been used to show physical causes changes in the brain there is no explanation to how changes come about and the intention behind our actions

81
Q

What is behaviourism ?

A

Sees human thoughts as simply learned behaviours

82
Q

Who was b f skinner ?

A

The best known behaviourist

83
Q

What is bf skinners view on mental states/souls ?

A

What we consider mental events are simply learned behaviours

84
Q

How does pavlovas dog link to skinner ?

A

If you can train a dog , then you can train any human behaviour

85
Q

What does dennett say about skinner ?

A

Argues that skinner over simplifies human consciousness

86
Q

What is the myth of er?

A

Soldier called er died on the battlefield
On the 12th day he rose from the dead
He told everyone about the afterlife
There are judges who send the good upwards and the bad souls go downwards
They got to choose new lives and the ones punished chose more wiser than the ones who had ben rewarded
They then drink special liquid to forget the previous life

87
Q

Who is a non materialist monist ?

A

Elizabeth and Combe

88
Q

What does Elizabeth anscombe believe ?

A

We need both parts of our mind and body
The soul gives actions and body meaning
We need the body to act and the soul to explain why it does these acts

89
Q

What example does Elizabeth anscombe use ?

A

Chess piece
“I am pointing at the chess piece because….
The pointing is th body and the explanation behind it is the soul
Both are always needed !

90
Q

What does Susan Blackmore believe

A

Regards consciousness as a delusion because when we describe being conscious or thinking , we are looking for something extra that doesn’t exist
she says we use the soul metaphorically
She says that scientists will probably able to classify brain patterns to identify what we call as consciousness

RS (47 decks)

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