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RS > Ancient Philosophical Influences- Knowledge > Flashcards

Ancient Philosophical Influences- Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cave represent ?

A

The physical world or world of the sense experience

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2
Q

What do the prisoners represent ?

A

Ordinary people in our world

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3
Q

What do the chains represent ?

A

The senses that restrict the way we experience things

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4
Q

What do the shadows represent ?

A

Our everyday sense experiences

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5
Q

What does the escapee represent ?

A

The philosopher who is able to access knowledge

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6
Q

What does the difficult ascent represent ?

A

An illustration that the road to philosophical knowledge is hard

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7
Q

What does the outside world represent ?

A

The real world , the world of the forms

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8
Q

What does the sun represent ?

A

The highest of all forms , the form of good

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9
Q

What does the return to the cave represent ?

A

The philosopher once enlightened fells in his duty to free and educate the others

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10
Q

What does the difficulty in adjusting to the darkness represent ?

A

Once a philosopher knows the truth , it is difficult to experience things as the ordinary person does

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11
Q

What does the persecution given by the other prisoners represent ?

A

Like Socrates , who was executed byy the leaders in Athens , the philosopher will be ridiculed and threatened

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12
Q

What are some issues with Plato’s analogy of the cave ?

A

Plato does not offer proof of the existence of another real,

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13
Q

Who said that a river is not the same river twice ?

A

Heraclitus of Ephesus

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14
Q

Why is a river not the same river twice ?

A

Nature is constantly changing and moving forwards.Such as wat doesn’t stay permanently in a river , it keeps changing

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15
Q

How are we like a river ?

A

We are constantly changing and moving forward

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16
Q

Who are the presocratics /

A

Greek thinkers who developed independent and original schools of thought.
They pre-date Socrates

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17
Q

What did Thales leave out of his theories which would have been controversial at the time ?

A

He left out god

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18
Q

What is te Socratic method ?

A

Where you constantly ask questions to break down the ideas

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19
Q

Why did Aristotle teach outside ?

A

He like to walk and talk and he liked plants

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20
Q

What are the forms ?

A

Ideal , eternal , single versions of things found on earth

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21
Q

What are particulars ?

A

Objects in the empirical world which are merely imperfect copies of the form

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22
Q

What is the realm of the forms ?

A

A place where there i an ideal form for everything that exists

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23
Q

What is the example of an idea of a cake ?

A

There must be an ideal cake and your baked version of the cake is an imperfect copy

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24
Q

What are some features of the world of the forms (not our world )?

A

Each form is one
Intelligible (only known through our intellect)
Eternal
Unchanging
Non physical
Perfect

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25
Q

what are the feautures of the world of appearances (our world )?

A

Particulars are many
Sensible (only known through our senses )
Always coming in and out of existences
Always changing into something else
Material objects
Imperfect

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26
Q

Give some examples of some times of forms ?

A

Beauty , justics and wisdom

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27
Q

What is the ultimate form ?

A

The form of the good

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28
Q

How do the forms affect us in the visible world ?

A

We are always dissatisfied with the transciende of the world

29
Q

How do humans have knowledge of the forms ?

A

We have seen it before in our past lives
Using our 5 senses

30
Q

How do we gain truth according to plato ?

A

Using reason

31
Q

What is rationalism ?

A

Opinion is based on reason and knowledge

32
Q

What is the form of the good ?

A

A perfect , eternal and changeless form existing outside space and time

33
Q

What is the one over many argument ?

A

We can recognise objects as the same sort if thing even when we don’t know why
Without the form we cannot explain our samenesss
We can recognise the “one “ over “many”

34
Q

What is the family resemblance idea ?

A

There in no one common property that all your family members posses . Rather there are a series of overlapping properties

35
Q

What is the third man argument ?

A

A regress argument that shows that if there is one form of something , then there is infinite forms of it. It is an infinite chains of forms , and infinite chains aren’t possible.for example is ther a form of the form of th form of the form of the form

36
Q

What is the ideal standards argument ?

A

unless there is something which is an unchanging perfect standard, it is not possible to compare and rank particular things

37
Q

What is the first criticism of plato ?

A

Too many forms - would objects which have not been invented yet have a form ?

38
Q

What is the second criticism of plato ?

A

Bad forms - do ugliness and bad need o have a form in the same way that beauty and the good do ?

39
Q

What is the 3rd criticism of plato ?

A

The problem of incorporation - one forms would logically incorporate others

40
Q

What is the fourth criticism of plato ?

A

The three fingers argument

41
Q

What is the 3 fingers argument ?

A

Is there a separate form of medium and something could be in the form of largeness compared too one thing but in the form of smallness compared to something else

42
Q

Which form provides order ?

A

Form of the good

43
Q

Which realm is the real realm ?

A

Realm of the forms

44
Q

What is Aristotle concerned with ?

A

Only reality is this life. The world we live in is th e only place where we can have true knowledge

45
Q

What did Aristotle believe a form was ?

A

Not an ideal , but found within the item itself

46
Q

What is the material cause ?

A

What the object is made of

47
Q

What is the fficient cause ?

A

The agent that brings something about

48
Q

What is the formal cause ?

A

The characteristics of the object

49
Q

What is the final cause ?

A

The reason for its existence . What is its purpose

50
Q

What is teleology concerned with

A

The final purpose of something

51
Q

According to Aristotle , what has form without matter ?

A

God

52
Q

What is the definition of empiricism /

A

Knowledge is based on experience

53
Q

What are some characteristics of the prime mover ?

A

Perfect , transcendent , eternal and pure

54
Q

Why is the prime mover unlike the God of monotheistic religions ?

A

He does not have knowledge of the physical world

55
Q

Where is the prime mar ?

A

Outside time and space

56
Q

Explain the one over many argument briefly ?

A

An object can have more than one form.For example , may have the beauty form but they ae not the same object

57
Q

What is the first objection about aristotles theories /

A

Efficient cause doesn’t tell us what actually happened .it just names the process

58
Q

What is a posteriori ?

A

A statement which is knowable only after experience

59
Q

What is a priori ?

A

A statement which is knowable without any reference to any experience

60
Q

What is an analogy

A

A comparison between one thing and another

61
Q

What is dualism ?

A

The belief in two distinct principles/having two parts

62
Q

What is an empiricist ?

A

A person who believes that all knowledge is gained from the experiences we have through our senses

63
Q

What is monism ?

A

Belief in one supreme being

64
Q

What is modus ?

A

Greek wrk meaning constant change , observed in the world

65
Q

What is a rationalist ?

A

A person who bases their opinion reason and knowledge

66
Q

What is teleos ?

A

The ultimat aim of an object

67
Q

What is a second objection to Aristotle ?

A

Not everything has a purpose .We give things purpose when we use them.

68
Q

What is an objection to the prime mover ?

A

It only works if there is one reason for change,but the could be multiple reasons for change

69
Q

Why do the four causes matter ?

A

The key to knowledge is the empirical method
This world is the real world
The world and all that is in it has a purpose

RS (33 decks)

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