Social Thinking Flashcards
Self-disclosure
Sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with non-judgemental empathy
Reciprocal liking
People like others better when they believe the other person likes them
Familiarity effect
People prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
What is the purpose of aggression?
Evolutionarily it provides protection against potential and real threats
Cognitive neoassociation model
One is more likely to respond aggressively when feeling a negative emotion such as pain, tired, sick or frustrated
Who does a child prefer for comfort in secure attachment?
Consistent caregiver
How will a child with secure attachment feel when a caregiver leaves and returns?
Upset at departure and comforted by return
Who does a child prefer for comfort in avoidant attachment?
No preference between caregiver and stranger
How does an avoidant caregiver respond to a child’s distress?
Little to no response
How does an ambivalent caregiver respond to a child’s distress?
Inconsistent - sometimes appropriate sometimes neglectful
How will a child with secure attachment feel when a caregiver leaves and returns?
Extremely distressed when they leave and ambivalent response when they return
Which type of attachment is most likely to be a red flag for abuse?
Disorganized
How does a caregiver act in disorganized attachment?
Erratic and sometimes have social withdrawal
How will a child with secure attachment feel when a caregiver leaves and returns?
No clear pattern - mix of behaviors including repetitive behaviors like rocking, avoidance, resistance, seeming dazed
What is emotional support?
Listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings
What type of social support is a condolence card?
Emotional support
What is esteem support?
Direct affirmation of the qualities and skills of a person
What type of social support is telling a sick classmate that they are smart enough to make up missed material?
Esteem support
What is material/tangible support?
Financial or material contribution to another
What type of social support is bringing a meal to a sick friend?
Material / tangible support
What is informational support?
Providing information that will help someone
What type of social support does a doctor provide by explaining someone’s illness and treatment?
Informational support
What is network support?
Support that gives someone a sense of belonging
What type of social support is a group activity?
Network support
Polygyny
Male exclusive with multiple females
Polyandry
Female exclusive with multiple males
Promiscuity
Non-exclusive relationships with the opposite sex
Direct benefits in sexual selection
Provide advantages to the mate
Indirect benefits in sexual selection
Provide advantages to offspring - promote survival
Phenotypic benefits in sexual selection
Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex
Sensory bias in sexual selection
Development of a trait to match a pre-existing preference that exists in the population
Fisherian / runaway selection in sexual selection
Positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or negative effect on survival becomes more exaggerated over time
Indicator traits in sexual selection
Traits that signify good health and well-being
Genetic compatibility in sexual selection
Creation of mate-pairs that have complementary genetics
Altruism
Form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself
How do the donor and recipient interact in cooperation
Both the donor and recipient benefit
How do the donor and recipient interact in spite?
Both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted
How do the donor and recipient interact in selfishness
The donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted
How do the donor and recipient interact in altruism?
The recipient benefits and the donor is negatively impacted
Inclusive fitness
Measure of an organism’s success in the population
Are stereotypes alone negative? Why?
No - they are necessary to categorize and systematize information but they are negative when they lead to prejudice and discrimination
Stereotypes
Attitudes and impressions are based on a limited and superficial amount of information
Paternalistic stereotypes
Group is looked down on as inferior
Contemptuous stereotypes
Group is viewed with resentment, anger, annoyance
Envious stereotypes
Group is viewed with jealousy and mistrust
Admiration stereotypes
Group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Stereotypes can lead to expectations which create conditions to confirm those expectations
Stereotype threat
People are concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype which can reduce performance and lower personal investment
Prejudice
Irrational positive or negative attitude towards a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience with that entity
Power in sociology
Ability of people to achieve their goals despite obstacles and control resources
Prestige in sociology
Level of respect shown to a person by others
Class in sociology
Socioeconomic status
Ethnocentrism
Practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values of one’s own culture
Cultural relativism
Perceiving differences across cultures as neither superior or inferior but just as a difference
Discrimination
Prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently
Is prejudice an attitude or behavior?
Attitude
Is discrimination an attitude or behavior?
Behavior
Does prejudice always lead to discrimination?
No
Individual discrimination
One person discriminating against another person or group
Institutional discrimination
Entire institution discriminating against a person or group
Implicit personality theory
People make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related
Primacy effect in social perception
When first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
Recency effect in social perception
When the most recent information about a person is the most important in forming an impression
Halo effect in social perception
Judgements on one’s character are affected by overall impression of the individual
Reliance on central traits in social perception
Tendency to organize perceptions of others by traits and characteristics that matter to the perceiver
Just-world hypothesis in social perception
Good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
Self-serving bias in social perception
Individuals will see their own success as based on internal factors and their failures on external factors
Dispositional causes in attribution theory
Internal - relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered
Situational causes in attribution theory
External - relate to the features of the surroundings or social context
Correspondent inference theory
Describe attributions made by observing intentional behaviors
Fundamental attribution error
Bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to others
