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MCAT > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

1
Q

Yerkes–Dodson law

A

There is an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform. If levels of arousal are too high or too low, poor performance can result.

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2
Q

Epimer

A

Diastereomer that differs at exactly one chiral carbon

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3
Q

What is a diastereomer that differs at exactly one chiral carbon

A

Epimer

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4
Q

What is the general structure of lactone?

A

Cyclic ester

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5
Q

How is lactone formed?

A

Reaction of alcohol and carboxylic acid

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6
Q

pI

A

pH at which a molecule will be electronically neutral

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7
Q

What is approx. pH of carboxylic acid?

A

~2

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8
Q

What is approx. pH of ammonia?

A

~9

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9
Q

What are the columns in the periodic table referred to as?

A

Groups

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10
Q

What are the rows in the periodic table referred to as?

A

Periods

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11
Q

What are groups in the periodic table?

A

Columns

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12
Q

What are periods in the periodic table?

A

Rows

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13
Q

Sb

A

Antimony

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14
Q

Antimony

A

Sb

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15
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

Where are sperm stored for maturation?

A

Epididymus

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17
Q

What is the epididymus?

A

Place where sperm is stored for maturation

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18
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

Place where sperm is produced

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19
Q

Where are the sertoli cells found?

A

Supportive cels in seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

What are Leydig cells?

A

Secrete testosterone

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21
Q

Where is testosterone secreted from?

A

Leydig cells

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22
Q

Totipotent

A

Cells capable of becoming ANY cell type

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23
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells capable of becoming many cell types

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24
Q

What is the difference between totipotent and pluripotent?

A

Totipotent can become ANY cell type

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25
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Connects the fetal pulmonary artery to the aorta to bypass the underdeveloped lungs

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26
Q

Are oligodendrocytes found in the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

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27
Q

Are Schwann cells found in the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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28
Q

What do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells both do?

A

Synthesize myelin

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29
Q

What is the direct effect of parathyroid hormone on blood ion concentration?

A

Increase in blood calcium concentration

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30
Q

How does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levels?

A

Bone resorption: Osteoclasts in bone break down bone to release calcium

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31
Q

What is an antagonist of parathyroid hormone?

A

Calcitonin

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32
Q

What causes decreased blood calcium concentration?

A

Calcitonin

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33
Q

What causes increased blood calcium concentration?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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34
Q

What is lung vital capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air that can be moved in a single respiratory cycle

Difference between the minimum and maximum amounts of air the lung can hold

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35
Q

Does oxygen encounter the larynx or pharynx first?

A

Pharynx

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36
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

In bone, they dissolve bond to release calcium

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37
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

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38
Q

What connects bone to bone?

A

Ligament

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39
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Bone to muscle

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40
Q

What connects bone to muscle?

A

Tendon

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41
Q

Founder effect

A

Occurs when a small population is isolated from a larger population and has a substantially different allele distribution

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42
Q

Hund’s Rule

A

Electrons will fill degenerate orbitals and will remain unpaired if possible to minimize repulsion

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43
Q

What is another name for a double displacement reaction?

A

Metathesis

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44
Q

What is another name for metathesis?

A

Double displacement

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45
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid to gas

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46
Q

Are gases more soluble in liquid at higher or lower temperature?

A

Lower

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47
Q

Is a reaction in a galvanic cell spontaneous or non-spontaneous?

A

Spontaneous

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48
Q

What does peptidyl transferase catalyze?

A

Formation of peptide bonds

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49
Q

Penetrance

A

Probability that someone who has an allele for a trait will express it

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50
Q

Self-schemata

A

The way we see ourselves as we are

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51
Q

Past self

A

The way we see ourselves as we were

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52
Q

Ought self

A

One’s appraisal of how other’s see him

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53
Q

Future self

A

The way we see ourselves as we may be in the future

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54
Q

Androgyny gender identity

A

High femininity and masculinity

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55
Q

Undifferentiated gender identity

A

Low femininity and masculinity

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56
Q

Internal locus of control

A

Believe that you have control over the events that happen in your life

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57
Q

External locus of control

A

Believe that success is attributed to outside factors

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58
Q

What stage is obedience according to Kohlberg?

A

Preconventional

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59
Q

What stage is law and order according to Kohlberg?

A

Conventional

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60
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Change in behavior as a result of the knowledge that one is being observed

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61
Q

Polyandry

A

Female having exclusive relationships with several males

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62
Q

Polygyny

A

Male having exclusive relationships with several females

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63
Q

Are covalent compounds measured with formula weights?

A

No

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64
Q

What compounds are measured with formula weights?

A

Ionic compounds

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65
Q

What compounds are measured with molecular weights?

A

Covalent compounds

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66
Q

Are ionic compounds measured with formula weights?

A

Yes

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67
Q

Are ionic compounds measured with molecular weights?

A

No

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68
Q

An enzyme devoid of its necessary cofactor is called?

A

Apoenzyme

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69
Q

Apoenzyme

A

An enzyme devoid of its necessary cofactor

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70
Q

What is the product of a reaction with a Gringard reagent?

A

C-C bonds

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71
Q

Does light pass through a material with high or low index of refraction faster?

A

Low

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72
Q

When does a converging lens produce a real image?

A

Object is outside the focal length

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73
Q

Is a real image produced by a converging lens inverted?

A

Yes

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74
Q

What isomers are alpha and beta glucose?

A

Anomers

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75
Q

What is an anomer?

A

Differ in absolute configuration at the anomeric carbon

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76
Q

How many reactant molecules does a second order reaction have?

A

Two

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77
Q

What do isotopes differ in?

A

Number of neutrons

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78
Q

What must be true for a compound to be excreted in the urine?

A

Must be water-soluble

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79
Q

What autosomal cells have the highest number of mitochondria?

A

Skeletal muscle cells

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80
Q

How many bonds to A and T form?

A

Two

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81
Q

How many bonds to C and G form?

A

Three

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82
Q

Which amino acids form two hydrogen bonds?

A

A and T

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83
Q

Which amino acids form three hydrogen bonds?

A

C and G

84
Q

Which amino acids are purines?

A

A and G

85
Q

Which amino acids are pyrimidines?

A

T and C (and U)

86
Q

What base does U replace in RNA?

A

T

87
Q

What happens to Ca2+ when an action potential induces a muscle contraction?

A

Ca2+ is released into the cytosol
Ca2+ binds to troponin complex
Tropomyosin exposes myosin-binding sites on actin

88
Q

What is the effect of ACTH on muscle cells?

A

Contraction

89
Q

Does agonist promote or inhibit?

A

Promote

90
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Changing behavior or attitude based on observation

91
Q

What is the difference between proactive and reactive social movements?

A

Proactive promotes a social change and reactive resists a social change

92
Q

Does fluid or crystallized intelligence peak first?

A

Fluid intelligence

93
Q

Primary circular reaction

A

Repetitive and soothing behavior

94
Q

Advantages of SDS page

A

Linearizes DNA and surrounds it with negative charge so that mass is the only factor affecting distance traveled

95
Q

What amino acids can be seen on UV-vis spectroscopy?

A

Conjugated pi system

96
Q

What amino acids create disulfide bridges?

A

Cysteine

97
Q

What are flavoproteins?

A

Electron carriers

98
Q

Will an uncharged particle be deflected in a magnetic field?

A

No

99
Q

Will an uncharged particle be deflected in an electric field?

A

No

100
Q

Will a charged particle be deflected in a magnetic field?

A

Yes

101
Q

Formula for resistance with length and area

A

Resistance equals (density*L)/A

102
Q

What physics principal is flow rate analogous to?

A

Current

103
Q

Does an increase or decrease in pressure in the thoracic cavity allow for inhalation?

A

Decrease

104
Q

Does a stronger or weaker acid have a more stable conjugate base?

A

Stronger

105
Q

Do electronegative atoms increase or decrease acid strength?

A

Increase

106
Q

What is the relationship between intensity and area during sound movement through the ear?

A

Inverse

107
Q

Efficiency in terms of load and effort

A

Efficiency = (loadload distance)/(efforteffort distance)

108
Q

Purpose of salt bridge in galvanic cells

A

Prevent charge buildup by providing cations and anions

109
Q

Do electrolytic cells require a salt bridge?

A

No - current flow provided by battery

110
Q

Do galvanic cells require a salt bridge?

A

Yes - provide ions to prevent charge buildup

111
Q

What type of reactions occur in galvanic cells?

A

Redox

112
Q

What molecules provide a positive Benedict’s reaction?

A

Reducing sugars - have a carbonyl that can be oxidized

113
Q

Would a hemiacetal provide a positive Benedict’s reaction? Why?

A

Yes - free carbonyl available for oxidation

114
Q

Does specific rotation change for a given substance?

A

No

115
Q

How many members is “puran” related to?

A

Six

116
Q

How many members is “furan” related to?

A

Five

117
Q

Can the ring form a sugar be oxidized? Why?

A

No - no available carbonyl, only linear can be oxidized

118
Q

In which direction does effective nuclear charge change across the periodic table and why?

A

Increases from left to right - increase in number of protons increases the effective charge

119
Q

What can change Ksp in an experiment?

A

Temperature

120
Q

What does the common ion effect impact?

A

Molar solubility

121
Q

Chymotrypsin cleaves what amino acids?

A

Large and hydrophobic

122
Q

Do electron withdrawing groups increase or decrease the acidity of an alpha hydrogen?

A

Increase due to stabilization of negative charge

123
Q

How is serotonin released from neurons?

A

Exocytosis

124
Q

How many subunits does a monomeric protein have?

A

One

125
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a monomeric protein?

A

None

126
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefits

127
Q

Where in the large intestine does normal gut flora colonize?

A

Cecum

128
Q

Is the terminal ileum part of the small or large intestine?

A

Small

129
Q

Is the jejunum part of the small or large intestine?

A

Small

130
Q

What is the function of the jejunum?

A

Absorption in the small intestine

131
Q

Does a gram-negative bacteria have a thick or thin cell wall?

A

Thin

132
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

133
Q

Equation for osmotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure equals iMRT

134
Q

Is the ascending or descending loop of Henle permeable to water?

A

Descending

135
Q

Induction signaling

A

Signaling cascade that changes the structure or function of developing tissues through chemical mediators

136
Q

What disorder is confabulation a common symptom of?

A

Korkasoff’s syndrome

137
Q

Do behavioral therapists focus on action or cognition?

A

Action and external stimuli

138
Q

Humanist perscpetive

A

Focus on self-actualization and free will

139
Q

What do symbolic interactionists study?

A

Effect of social constructs on individuals

140
Q

At what timepoints does the demographic transition model track population changes?

A

From pre to post industrialization

141
Q

Does population size increase or decrease during the shift from pre to post industrialization

A

Steadily increases

142
Q

Conflict theory

A

Anger of dissatisfaction based on inequality

143
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Degree to which males and females of a species resemble one another

144
Q

Equation for reduction potential

A

Ecathode-Eanode

145
Q

What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?

A

Prokaryotic initiation of translation

146
Q

Are new amino acids added to the N or C terminus of a growing polypeptide?

A

C-terminus

147
Q

By what periodic table trend does atomic radius follow?

A

Increases down and to the left

148
Q

By what periodic table trend does effective nuclear charge follow?

A

Increases to the right

149
Q

What characterizes stage 1 of a demographic transition?

A

High birth and mortality rates

150
Q

What characterizes stage 2 of a demographic transition?

A

High birth rate, declining mortality rates

151
Q

What characterizes stage 3 of a demographic transition?

A

Decreasing birth rate due to women’s rights and increasing access to contraception

152
Q

What characterizes stage 4 of a demographic transition?

A

Low birth and mortality rates

153
Q

What stage of demographic transition is characterized by high birth and mortality rates?

A

Stage 1

154
Q

What stage of demographic transition is characterized by high birth rates and low mortality rates?

A

Stage 2

155
Q

What stage of demographic transition is characterized by declining birth rates?

A

Stage 3

156
Q

What stage of demographic transition is characterized by increasing women’s rights?

A

Stage 3

157
Q

What stage of demographic transition is characterized by low birth and mortality rates?

A

Stage 4

158
Q

What does a confidence interval allow you to estimate?

A

Estimate a population mean from a given sample

159
Q

What is the recognition-primed model based on and what is it used for?

A

It is based on experience and is used to quickly sort through information to match a pattern and come to a conclusion

160
Q

What is primary appraisal?

A

Is the situation stressful?

161
Q

What is secondary appraisal?

A

Can I overcome this stress?

162
Q

What are heuristics used for?

A

To make decisions

163
Q

What characterizes the preconventional stage?

A

Obedience and self-interest

164
Q

What characterizes the conventional stage?

A

Social and legal laws

165
Q

What characterizes the postconventional stage?

A

Social contract and doing for the greater good

166
Q

What is alter-casting?

A

Imposing an identity on another

167
Q

Social reproduction

A

Idea that social inequality (especially poverty) can be reproduced or passed on from one generation to the next

168
Q

What neurotransmitter levels are associated with bipolar disorder?

A

Serotonin and Norepi

169
Q

What is social facilitiation?

A

The idea that people perform easy tasks better when observed by others

170
Q

What is escape reinforcement?

A

Eliminate an existing negative

171
Q

What is avoidance reinforcement?

A

Avoid a potential negative

172
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

Non-financial asset

173
Q

Is cultural capital a positive or negative?

A

Positive

174
Q

What types of muscle are striated?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

175
Q

In which direction in mRNA read during translation?

A

5’ to 3’

176
Q

Is tRNA coding or noncoding?

A

Noncoding

177
Q

What organ secretes trypsinogen?

A

Pancreas

178
Q

How does blood flow through the circulatory system?

A
  1. From the vena cava (deoxygenated) to the right atrium
  2. Through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
  3. Through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery
  4. Through the lungs for oxygen and into the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
  5. Through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
  6. Through the aortic valve into the aorta and into the body
179
Q

Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?

A

Right

180
Q

Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood?

A

Left

181
Q

Tricuspid valve connects?

A

Right atrium to ventricle

182
Q

Mitral valve connects?

A

Left atrium to ventricle

183
Q

Going through the rainbow from red to violet is an increase or decrease in energy?

A

Increase

184
Q

Going through the rainbow from red to violet is an increase or decrease in frequency?

A

Increase

185
Q

Where is oxytocin secreted from?

A

Hypothalamus

186
Q

What is Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

Tactile processing units in the skin

187
Q

In isoelectric focusing, is the anode high or low pH?

A

Low

188
Q

In isoelectric focusing, is the cathode high or low pH?

A

High

189
Q

What causes the bottleneck effect?

A

Natural disaster, overhunting

190
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Random mutations in a small population

191
Q

What part of the antibody participates in antigen binding?

A

Variable light and heavy chains

192
Q

What does an antibody’s constant heavy chain do?

A

Cellular recognition

193
Q

What is effective nuclear charge?

A

Positive charge experienced by a particular electron

Z-S

194
Q

What is the trend of effective nuclear charge?

A

Increases up and right

195
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

When one’s actions and beliefs do not align

196
Q

What happens in symbolic interactionism?

A

Interactions with others influences one’s perception of themselves

197
Q

What are consensus cues?

A

Extent that people’s behaviors differ

198
Q

What are distinctiveness cues?

A

When an individual engages in similar behavior across circumstances

199
Q

What is a type I error?

A

False positive - wrongly reject the null hypothesis

200
Q

What is a type II error?

A

False negative - wrongly fail to reject the null hypothesis

201
Q

What is active memorization also known as?

A

Controlled processing

202
Q

What is paternalism in healthcare?

A

Idea that “doctor knows best”

203
Q

What is morbidity?

A

Degree of illness associated with disease

204
Q

Where is the canal of schlemm located?

A

The eye

205
Q

What is the difference between a psychological and physiological adaptation?

A

Psychological - due to lack of attention and can be reminded and will experience stimulus again
Physiological - due to prolonged exposure to a stimulus and desensitization

MCAT (31 decks)

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