Misc Flashcards
Yerkes–Dodson law
There is an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform. If levels of arousal are too high or too low, poor performance can result.
Epimer
Diastereomer that differs at exactly one chiral carbon
What is a diastereomer that differs at exactly one chiral carbon
Epimer
What is the general structure of lactone?
Cyclic ester
How is lactone formed?
Reaction of alcohol and carboxylic acid
pI
pH at which a molecule will be electronically neutral
What is approx. pH of carboxylic acid?
~2
What is approx. pH of ammonia?
~9
What are the columns in the periodic table referred to as?
Groups
What are the rows in the periodic table referred to as?
Periods
What are groups in the periodic table?
Columns
What are periods in the periodic table?
Rows
Sb
Antimony
Antimony
Sb
Where are sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules
Where are sperm stored for maturation?
Epididymus
What is the epididymus?
Place where sperm is stored for maturation
What are the seminiferous tubules?
Place where sperm is produced
Where are the sertoli cells found?
Supportive cels in seminiferous tubules
What are Leydig cells?
Secrete testosterone
Where is testosterone secreted from?
Leydig cells
Totipotent
Cells capable of becoming ANY cell type
Pluripotent
Cells capable of becoming many cell types
What is the difference between totipotent and pluripotent?
Totipotent can become ANY cell type
Ductus arteriosus
Connects the fetal pulmonary artery to the aorta to bypass the underdeveloped lungs
Are oligodendrocytes found in the CNS or PNS?
CNS
Are Schwann cells found in the CNS or PNS?
PNS
What do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells both do?
Synthesize myelin
What is the direct effect of parathyroid hormone on blood ion concentration?
Increase in blood calcium concentration
How does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levels?
Bone resorption: Osteoclasts in bone break down bone to release calcium
What is an antagonist of parathyroid hormone?
Calcitonin
What causes decreased blood calcium concentration?
Calcitonin
What causes increased blood calcium concentration?
Parathyroid hormone
What is lung vital capacity?
Maximum amount of air that can be moved in a single respiratory cycle
Difference between the minimum and maximum amounts of air the lung can hold
Does oxygen encounter the larynx or pharynx first?
Pharynx
What are osteoclasts?
In bone, they dissolve bond to release calcium
What do ligaments connect?
Bone to bone
What connects bone to bone?
Ligament
What do tendons connect?
Bone to muscle
What connects bone to muscle?
Tendon
Founder effect
Occurs when a small population is isolated from a larger population and has a substantially different allele distribution
Hund’s Rule
Electrons will fill degenerate orbitals and will remain unpaired if possible to minimize repulsion
What is another name for a double displacement reaction?
Metathesis
What is another name for metathesis?
Double displacement
Sublimation
Solid to gas
Are gases more soluble in liquid at higher or lower temperature?
Lower
Is a reaction in a galvanic cell spontaneous or non-spontaneous?
Spontaneous
What does peptidyl transferase catalyze?
Formation of peptide bonds
Penetrance
Probability that someone who has an allele for a trait will express it
Self-schemata
The way we see ourselves as we are
Past self
The way we see ourselves as we were
Ought self
One’s appraisal of how other’s see him
Future self
The way we see ourselves as we may be in the future
Androgyny gender identity
High femininity and masculinity
Undifferentiated gender identity
Low femininity and masculinity
Internal locus of control
Believe that you have control over the events that happen in your life
External locus of control
Believe that success is attributed to outside factors
What stage is obedience according to Kohlberg?
Preconventional
What stage is law and order according to Kohlberg?
Conventional
Hawthorne Effect
Change in behavior as a result of the knowledge that one is being observed
Polyandry
Female having exclusive relationships with several males
Polygyny
Male having exclusive relationships with several females
Are covalent compounds measured with formula weights?
No
What compounds are measured with formula weights?
Ionic compounds
What compounds are measured with molecular weights?
Covalent compounds
Are ionic compounds measured with formula weights?
Yes
Are ionic compounds measured with molecular weights?
No
An enzyme devoid of its necessary cofactor is called?
Apoenzyme
Apoenzyme
An enzyme devoid of its necessary cofactor
What is the product of a reaction with a Gringard reagent?
C-C bonds
Does light pass through a material with high or low index of refraction faster?
Low
When does a converging lens produce a real image?
Object is outside the focal length
Is a real image produced by a converging lens inverted?
Yes
What isomers are alpha and beta glucose?
Anomers
What is an anomer?
Differ in absolute configuration at the anomeric carbon
How many reactant molecules does a second order reaction have?
Two
What do isotopes differ in?
Number of neutrons
What must be true for a compound to be excreted in the urine?
Must be water-soluble
What autosomal cells have the highest number of mitochondria?
Skeletal muscle cells
How many bonds to A and T form?
Two
How many bonds to C and G form?
Three
Which amino acids form two hydrogen bonds?
A and T
Which amino acids form three hydrogen bonds?
C and G
Which amino acids are purines?
A and G
Which amino acids are pyrimidines?
T and C (and U)
What base does U replace in RNA?
T
What happens to Ca2+ when an action potential induces a muscle contraction?
Ca2+ is released into the cytosol
Ca2+ binds to troponin complex
Tropomyosin exposes myosin-binding sites on actin
What is the effect of ACTH on muscle cells?
Contraction
Does agonist promote or inhibit?
Promote
Social cognitive theory
Changing behavior or attitude based on observation
What is the difference between proactive and reactive social movements?
Proactive promotes a social change and reactive resists a social change
Does fluid or crystallized intelligence peak first?
Fluid intelligence
Primary circular reaction
Repetitive and soothing behavior
Advantages of SDS page
Linearizes DNA and surrounds it with negative charge so that mass is the only factor affecting distance traveled
What amino acids can be seen on UV-vis spectroscopy?
Conjugated pi system
What amino acids create disulfide bridges?
Cysteine
What are flavoproteins?
Electron carriers
Will an uncharged particle be deflected in a magnetic field?
No
Will an uncharged particle be deflected in an electric field?
No
Will a charged particle be deflected in a magnetic field?
Yes
Formula for resistance with length and area
Resistance equals (density*L)/A
What physics principal is flow rate analogous to?
Current
Does an increase or decrease in pressure in the thoracic cavity allow for inhalation?
Decrease
Does a stronger or weaker acid have a more stable conjugate base?
Stronger
Do electronegative atoms increase or decrease acid strength?
Increase
What is the relationship between intensity and area during sound movement through the ear?
Inverse
Efficiency in terms of load and effort
Efficiency = (loadload distance)/(efforteffort distance)
Purpose of salt bridge in galvanic cells
Prevent charge buildup by providing cations and anions
Do electrolytic cells require a salt bridge?
No - current flow provided by battery
Do galvanic cells require a salt bridge?
Yes - provide ions to prevent charge buildup
What type of reactions occur in galvanic cells?
Redox
What molecules provide a positive Benedict’s reaction?
Reducing sugars - have a carbonyl that can be oxidized
Would a hemiacetal provide a positive Benedict’s reaction? Why?
Yes - free carbonyl available for oxidation
Does specific rotation change for a given substance?
No
How many members is “puran” related to?
Six
How many members is “furan” related to?
Five
Can the ring form a sugar be oxidized? Why?
No - no available carbonyl, only linear can be oxidized
In which direction does effective nuclear charge change across the periodic table and why?
Increases from left to right - increase in number of protons increases the effective charge
What can change Ksp in an experiment?
Temperature
What does the common ion effect impact?
Molar solubility
Chymotrypsin cleaves what amino acids?
Large and hydrophobic
Do electron withdrawing groups increase or decrease the acidity of an alpha hydrogen?
Increase due to stabilization of negative charge
How is serotonin released from neurons?
Exocytosis
How many subunits does a monomeric protein have?
One
What is the quaternary structure of a monomeric protein?
None
Commensalism
One species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefits
Where in the large intestine does normal gut flora colonize?
Cecum
Is the terminal ileum part of the small or large intestine?
Small
Is the jejunum part of the small or large intestine?
Small
What is the function of the jejunum?
Absorption in the small intestine
Does a gram-negative bacteria have a thick or thin cell wall?
Thin
What are the three stop codons?
UAA
UAG
UGA
Equation for osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure equals iMRT
Is the ascending or descending loop of Henle permeable to water?
Descending
Induction signaling
Signaling cascade that changes the structure or function of developing tissues through chemical mediators
What disorder is confabulation a common symptom of?
Korkasoff’s syndrome
Do behavioral therapists focus on action or cognition?
Action and external stimuli
Humanist perscpetive
Focus on self-actualization and free will
What do symbolic interactionists study?
Effect of social constructs on individuals
At what timepoints does the demographic transition model track population changes?
From pre to post industrialization
Does population size increase or decrease during the shift from pre to post industrialization
Steadily increases
Conflict theory
Anger of dissatisfaction based on inequality
Sexual dimorphism
Degree to which males and females of a species resemble one another
Equation for reduction potential
Ecathode-Eanode
What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
Prokaryotic initiation of translation
Are new amino acids added to the N or C terminus of a growing polypeptide?
C-terminus
By what periodic table trend does atomic radius follow?
Increases down and to the left
By what periodic table trend does effective nuclear charge follow?
Increases to the right
What characterizes stage 1 of a demographic transition?
High birth and mortality rates
What characterizes stage 2 of a demographic transition?
High birth rate, declining mortality rates
What characterizes stage 3 of a demographic transition?
Decreasing birth rate due to women’s rights and increasing access to contraception
What characterizes stage 4 of a demographic transition?
Low birth and mortality rates
What stage of demographic transition is characterized by high birth and mortality rates?
Stage 1
What stage of demographic transition is characterized by high birth rates and low mortality rates?
Stage 2
What stage of demographic transition is characterized by declining birth rates?
Stage 3
What stage of demographic transition is characterized by increasing women’s rights?
Stage 3
What stage of demographic transition is characterized by low birth and mortality rates?
Stage 4
What does a confidence interval allow you to estimate?
Estimate a population mean from a given sample
What is the recognition-primed model based on and what is it used for?
It is based on experience and is used to quickly sort through information to match a pattern and come to a conclusion
What is primary appraisal?
Is the situation stressful?
What is secondary appraisal?
Can I overcome this stress?
What are heuristics used for?
To make decisions
What characterizes the preconventional stage?
Obedience and self-interest
What characterizes the conventional stage?
Social and legal laws
What characterizes the postconventional stage?
Social contract and doing for the greater good
What is alter-casting?
Imposing an identity on another
Social reproduction
Idea that social inequality (especially poverty) can be reproduced or passed on from one generation to the next
What neurotransmitter levels are associated with bipolar disorder?
Serotonin and Norepi
What is social facilitiation?
The idea that people perform easy tasks better when observed by others
What is escape reinforcement?
Eliminate an existing negative
What is avoidance reinforcement?
Avoid a potential negative
What is cultural capital?
Non-financial asset
Is cultural capital a positive or negative?
Positive
What types of muscle are striated?
Skeletal
Cardiac
In which direction in mRNA read during translation?
5’ to 3’
Is tRNA coding or noncoding?
Noncoding
What organ secretes trypsinogen?
Pancreas
How does blood flow through the circulatory system?
- From the vena cava (deoxygenated) to the right atrium
- Through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
- Through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery
- Through the lungs for oxygen and into the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
- Through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
- Through the aortic valve into the aorta and into the body
Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?
Right
Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood?
Left
Tricuspid valve connects?
Right atrium to ventricle
Mitral valve connects?
Left atrium to ventricle
Going through the rainbow from red to violet is an increase or decrease in energy?
Increase
Going through the rainbow from red to violet is an increase or decrease in frequency?
Increase
Where is oxytocin secreted from?
Hypothalamus
What is Meissner’s corpuscle?
Tactile processing units in the skin
In isoelectric focusing, is the anode high or low pH?
Low
In isoelectric focusing, is the cathode high or low pH?
High
What causes the bottleneck effect?
Natural disaster, overhunting
What is genetic drift?
Random mutations in a small population
What part of the antibody participates in antigen binding?
Variable light and heavy chains
What does an antibody’s constant heavy chain do?
Cellular recognition
What is effective nuclear charge?
Positive charge experienced by a particular electron
Z-S
What is the trend of effective nuclear charge?
Increases up and right
What is cognitive dissonance?
When one’s actions and beliefs do not align
What happens in symbolic interactionism?
Interactions with others influences one’s perception of themselves
What are consensus cues?
Extent that people’s behaviors differ
What are distinctiveness cues?
When an individual engages in similar behavior across circumstances
What is a type I error?
False positive - wrongly reject the null hypothesis
What is a type II error?
False negative - wrongly fail to reject the null hypothesis
What is active memorization also known as?
Controlled processing
What is paternalism in healthcare?
Idea that “doctor knows best”
What is morbidity?
Degree of illness associated with disease
Where is the canal of schlemm located?
The eye
What is the difference between a psychological and physiological adaptation?
Psychological - due to lack of attention and can be reminded and will experience stimulus again
Physiological - due to prolonged exposure to a stimulus and desensitization
