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MCAT > Cell Cycle and Mitosis > Flashcards

Cell Cycle and Mitosis Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What phases make up interphase of cell cycle?

A

G1 S G2

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2
Q

What phase are cells that are not dividing in?

A

G0

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3
Q

Are chromosomes visible during interphase and why?

A

No because less condensed as chromatin

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4
Q

What organelles are created during G1?

A

Cells for energy and protein production

Mitochondria, ribsomes, ER

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5
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

Replication of genetic material - each chromosome will consist of two sister chromatids

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6
Q

What binds the two sister chromatids together?

A

Centromere

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7
Q

What happens during G2?

A

Check to make sure there enough organelles and that DNA was replicated properly

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8
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Split cytoplasm and organelles between daughter cells

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9
Q

Four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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10
Q

Which protein controls the checkpoint between G1 and S and what is it looking for?

A

p53 - looking that DNA is not damaged before it is replicated

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11
Q

What primary molecules are responsible for the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins and CDKs

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12
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Condense chromatin into chromosomes
Centrioles go to opposite sides of the cell - create spindle fibers of microtubules
Nuclear membrane dissolves

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13
Q

Aster

A

Anchor the centrioles to the cell membrane

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14
Q

During which phase does the nuclear membrane dissolve?

A

Prophase

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15
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Kinectochore fibers interact with spindle apparatus to align the chromosomes at the metaphase plate

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16
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Centromeres split so each chromatid has its own - sister chromatids separate
Kinetochore fibers shorten to pull sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

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17
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Reverse of prophase -
Spindle apparatus disappears
Nuclear membrane reforms
Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin

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18
Q

Why is meiosis I called reduction division?

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated into haploid daughter cells

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19
Q

Why is meiosis II called equatorial division?

A

Separation of sister chromatids

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20
Q

Mendel’s second law

A

Inheritance of one allele has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting another allele

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21
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I

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22
Q

Draw mitosis

A

Draw

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23
Q

Draw meiosis

A

Draw

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24
Q

Hemizygous

A

Males only have one X chromosome so they will express any sex-linked disorders

25
Q

Carrier

A

Woman with one copy of a sex-linked disorder

26
Q

What important gene does the Y chromosome have?

A

SRY gene - sex-determining gene that causes gonads to differentiate into testes

27
Q

Where do sperm develop?

A

Seminiferous tubules

28
Q

Where are the seminiferous tubules?

A

Testes

29
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

Nourish seminiferous tubules

30
Q

What are male sex hormones as a group called?

A

Androgens

31
Q

What secretes testosterone?

A

Cells of Leydig

32
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

Scrotum

33
Q

Where are sperm stored?

A

Epidiymis

34
Q

What is the path of sperm during ejaculation?

A

Vas deferens – ejectulatory duct – urethra – penis

35
Q

What nourishes sperm?

A

Seminal vesicles

36
Q

What produces alkaline fluid for the sperm and why is it necessary?

A

Seminal vesicles and prostate gland, female reproductive tract is acidic

37
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

Produce clear fluid that cleans out urine and libricates urethra during sexual arousal

38
Q

What is semen?

A

Sperm and seminal fluid

39
Q

Which part of sperm contains genetic material?

A

Head

40
Q

Acrosome

A

Modified golgi on the sperm head that allows for ovum penetration

41
Q

Which part of sperm contains a lot of mitochondria?

A

Midpiece

42
Q

Where are eggs produced?

A

Follicles

43
Q

What hormone is released at the start of puberty?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

44
Q

What releases GnRH?

A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

What hormones are released as a results of GnRH?

A 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
46
Q

What releases FSH and LH?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

47
Q

How to FSH and LH interact in male sexual development?

A

FSH - stimulate sertoli cells and sperm maturation

LH - increase testosterone production

48
Q

Male secondary sexual characteristics

A

Facial and axillary hair
Deep Voice
Increased muscle and bone mass

49
Q

What do FSH and LH do in female sexual development?

A

FSH - estrogen secretion

LH - progesterone secretion from corpus luteum

50
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Remains of the ovarian follicle following ovulation - secretes progesterone

51
Q

What is estrogen responsible for?

A

Development and maintenance of reproductive system, secondary sexual characteristics, and thickening of endometrium

52
Q

What is progesterone responsible for?

A

Development and maintenance of endometrium but not initial thickening

53
Q

Follicular phase events and hormone levels

A

Menstrual flow - GnRH increases which leads to increased production of FSH and LH to develop ovarian follicles

54
Q

Ovulation events and hormone levels

A

Estrogen peaks and results in positive feedback, leading to GnRH FSH and LH spike - LH spike induces ovulation

55
Q

Luteal phase events and hormone levels

A

LH causes the follicle to form the corpus luteum and secrete progesterone, which provides negative feedback on GnRH LH and FSH so only one egg ovulates

56
Q

Menstruation

A

Progestone levels decline and lining is lost

57
Q

Do estrogen and progesterone stimulate or inhibit GnRH?

A

Inhibit

58
Q

hCG

A

Human chorionic gonadatropin - secreted if a blastocyst implants in uterine lining and is very similar to LH to maintain corpus luteum

59
Q

What happens to hormone levels during menopause?

A

FSH and LH increase because negative feedback loop is removed

MCAT (31 decks)

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