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MCAT > Social Process, Attitude, Behavior > Flashcards

Social Process, Attitude, Behavior Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Social action was described by

A

Max Weber

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2
Q

Social action is defined as

A

Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

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3
Q

Is social action focused on the individual or a group?

A

Individual

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4
Q

Is social interaction focused on the individual or a group?

A

Group of two or more

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5
Q

Social facilitation

A

People tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

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6
Q

What explains why people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

A

Social facilitation

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7
Q

Do people perform better or worse on complex tasks when watched?

A

Worse

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8
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior

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9
Q

Antinormative behavior

A

Provides an example of why violent behavior can be seen in crowds or riots - individual loses his sense of individuality

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10
Q

What is the relationship between the number of people who observe an event and the likelihood of intervention?

A

Inverse

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11
Q

Are bystanders more or less likely to intervene in a high-danger scenario as compared to low-danger?

A

More likely

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12
Q

Social loafing

A

Tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

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13
Q

Sociological definition of a peer

A

People who are equals within a social group

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14
Q

Is peer pressure always negative?

A

No

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15
Q

Cognitive dissonance definition and consequences

A

Simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions - leads to an internal state of conflict that is resolved by changing, adding to, or minimizing one of the dissonant thoughts

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16
Q

Identity shift effect

A

Explains the mechanism behind peer pressure during which a social rejection disrupts an internal state of harmony and the individual conforms to the group and eventually adopts those views as their own so as to reduce internal conflict

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17
Q

Group polarization

A

Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas of the members within the group

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18
Q

Groupthink

A

Desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

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19
Q

Illusion of invulnerability

A

Creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking

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20
Q

Illusion of invulnerability is related to what social phenomenon?

A

Groupthink

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21
Q

Collective rationalization

A

Ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group

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22
Q

Collective rationalization is related to what social phenomenon

A

Groupthink

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23
Q

Illusion of morality

A

Belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct

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24
Q

Illusion of morality is related to what social phenomenon

A

Groupthink

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25
Q

Excessive stereotyping is related to what social phenomenon

A

Groupthink

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26
Q

Pressure for conformity is related to what social phenomenon

A

Groupthink

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27
Q

Self-censorship is related to what social phenomenon

A

Groupthink

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28
Q

Excessive stereotyping

A

Construction of stereotypes against the ideas of the group

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29
Q

Pressure for conformity

A

Pressure on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group - viewing the opposition as disloyal

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30
Q

Illusion of unanimity is related to what social phenomenon

A

Groupthink

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31
Q

Mindguards are related to what social phenomenon

A

Groupthink

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32
Q

Self-censorship

A

Withholding of opposing views

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33
Q

Illusion of unanimity

A

False sense of agreement within the group

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34
Q

Mindguards

A

Appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing groups

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35
Q

Does groupthink lead to good decision-making?

A

No

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36
Q

Mass hysteria

A

Shared, intense concern about the treats to society

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37
Q

Is culture universal or characteristic of the sophisticated?

A

Universal

38
Q

What is defined as the beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society?

A

Culture

39
Q

Cultural assimilation

A

Process by which an individual or group behavior begins to resemble that of another

40
Q

Ethnic enclaves

A

Locations with high concentration of one specific ethnicity

41
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Communities or societies containing multiple cultures - encourages and respects cultural differences

42
Q

Subculture versus counterculture

A

Subculture - groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong but does not directly oppose the culture itself

Counterculture - subculture gravitates towards an identity that is at odds with the majority culture

43
Q

Socialization

A

Process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

44
Q

Primary socialization

A

Occurs during childhood when one learns the acceptable actions and attitudes for society

45
Q

How does primary socialization mainly occur?

A

Observation of parents and other adults in close proximity

46
Q

During what timeperiod in development does primary socialization occur?

A

Childhood

47
Q

Secondary socialization

A

Process of learning appropriate behavior within small sections of the larger society

48
Q

How does secondary socialization mainly occur?

A

Outside the home - school, sports

49
Q

What socialization mainly occurs at home?

A

Primary

50
Q

During what timeperiod in development does secondary socialization occur?

A

Adolescence and adulthood

51
Q

Anticipatory socialization

A

Process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupation, living situations, or relationships

52
Q

Resocialization

A

Process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change

53
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions, such as shaking hands at the end of a game

54
Q

Deviance

A

Violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

55
Q

Is deviance negative or positive in sociological perspective?

A

Can be either - just a change from the norm

56
Q

Social stigma

A

Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

57
Q

Labeling theory

A

Labels given to people affect how others respond to that person and that person’s self-image

58
Q

Differential association theory

A

People tend to adopt the deviant or norm-abiding behaviors of those they are most surrounded by

59
Q

Strain theory

A

Attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to to the disconnect between social goals and social structure

60
Q

Two distinct types of conformity

A

Internalization and identification

61
Q

Internalization

A

Changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

62
Q

Identification

A

Outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas

63
Q

What is the difference between conformity and compliance?

A

Conformity involves matching behaviors and attitudes to social norms while compliance involves a change in behavior based on a direct request

64
Q

Compliance

A

Change in behavior based on a direct request

65
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

Small request is made and once compliance is gained, asking a larger request

66
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

Large request is made at first if refused, a smaller request is then made

67
Q

Lowball technique

A

Requestor will get initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of the commitment when it is harder for them to back out of the commitment

68
Q

That’s-not-all technique

A

An individual offer is made and then before a decision is made, more is added to the additional offer

69
Q

What technique is displayed by an infomercial that offers one item for a set price and then adds an additional item at no additional cost?

A

That’s-not-all technique

70
Q

What technique is displayed by a boss who asks an employee to head a committee requiring 5 hours a month of meetings, while the commitment also includes a meeting report

A

Lowball technique

71
Q

What technique is displayed by someone asking for two weeks of vacation and when denied, asking for one week instead

A

Door-in-the-face technique

72
Q

What technique is displayed by asking for help with an assignment and during help session, asking for a week of tutoring

A

Foot-in-the-door technique

73
Q

What is the difference between compliance and obedience?

A

Compliance is a request made by someone without actual authority while obedience is a request made by someone with authority

74
Q

Obedience

A

Changing behavior due to a direct request from an authority figure

75
Q

Are people more likely to obey or comply?

A

Obey - threat of power

76
Q

Social cognition

A

Ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

77
Q

Affective component of attitude

A

Emotion component of attitude

78
Q

“I love my family” represents which component of attitude?

A

Affective

79
Q

Behavioral component of attitude

A

Way in which a person acts towards something

80
Q

Spending time with family represents which component of attitude?

A

Behavioral

81
Q

Cognitive component of attitude

A

Way in which an individual thinks about something - usually justifies affect and behavior

82
Q

Knowing snakes can be poisonous represents which component of attitude?

A

Cognitive

83
Q

Functional attitudes theory

A

Four functional areas of attitude:

  • Knowledge
  • Ego expression
  • Adaptability
  • Ego defense
84
Q

Knowledge portion of attitude

A

Knowing attitudes of others can help to predict their behavior

85
Q

Ego expression of attitude

A

Allow us to communicate and solidify self identity

86
Q

Adaptability of attitude

A

One will be accepted if acceptable attitudes are expressed

87
Q

Ego defense of attitude

A

Attitudes protect self-esteem or justify actions

88
Q

Central route processing

A

Deep thinking and scrutiny of an argument

89
Q

Peripheral processing

A

Focus on superficial details of someone presenting an argument, catchphrases, logos

90
Q

Learning theory

A

Attitudes are developed through forms of leaning

  • Direct contact
  • Direct interaction
  • Direct instruction
  • Conditioning
91
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Attitudes are formed and changes through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration

92
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personality, and envionment

MCAT (31 decks)

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