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MCAT > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Habituation

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus can cause a decrease in response

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2
Q

Dishabituation

A

Recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred

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3
Q

Associative learning

A

Creation of a pairing (association) between two stimuli or between a behavior and response

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4
Q

What are the two types of associative learning?

A

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Takes advantage of the fact that some stimuli can cause an innate or reflexive physiologic response

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6
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that causes a reflexive response

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7
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Reflexive response

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8
Q

Neutral Stimuli

A

Stimuli that do not cause an unconditioned response

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9
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that was previously neutral but eventually causes a reflexive response

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10
Q

Conditioned response

A

Reflexive response developed through association with a conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Extinction

A

Loss of a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Weak conditioned response sometimes reappears even after extinction

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13
Q

Generalization

A

When a stimulus close to the conditioned stimulus produces the conditioned response

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14
Q

Discrimination

A

Organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli

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15
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Links voluntary behavior with consequences in order to alter the frequency of behaviors

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16
Q

Who is the main person associated with behaviorism?

A

BF Skinner

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17
Q

Behaviorism

A

Theory that all behaviors are conditioned

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18
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Add a positive incentive after a desired behavior

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19
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Remove something unpleasant after a desired behavior

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20
Q

Does reinforcement increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior?

A

Increases

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21
Q

Escape learning

A

Negative reinforcement in which the role of the behavior is to reduce something that is unpleasant and already exists

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22
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Negative reinforcement in which the role of the behavior is to prevent something unpleasant in the future

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23
Q

What are the two types of negative reinforcement?

A

Escape and avoidance learning

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24
Q

Does punishment increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior?

A

Decreases

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25
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adds an unpleasant consequence after an undesired behavior

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26
Q

Negative punishment

A

Remove a pleasant incentive after an undesired behavior

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27
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

Reinforce a behavior after a specific number of behaviors

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28
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

Reinforce a behavior after a variable number of behaviors (average to about the same as the fixed ratio)

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29
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

Reinforce a behavior the first time it is completed after a set amount of time

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30
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

Reinforce a behavior the first time it is completed after a variable amount of time

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31
Q

What schedule is continuous reinforcement considered?

A

Fixed-ratio because the behavior is reinforced after every time it is completed

32
Q

What schedule works fastest for learning a new behavior?

A

Variable ratio

33
Q

Shaping

A

Process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors - allows learning complex behaviors

34
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs without a reward but then is done spontaneously when a reward is introduced

35
Q

Instinctive drift

A

Difficult to overcome instincts when teaching behaviors

36
Q

Preparedness

A

Capitalizing on natural instincts when teaching behaviors

37
Q

Where are mirror neurons located?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

38
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Fire when an individual completes a task and when an individual watches someone complete a task, largely involved in motor processes

39
Q

Encoding

A

Process of putting new information into memory

40
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Information passively absorbed from the environment without effort

41
Q

Controlled Processing

A

Active memorization

42
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Put information into a meaningful contex

43
Q

Self-reference effect

A

Semantic encoding is usually most effective when put in the context of one’s own life

44
Q

Method of Loci

A

Associate each item in a list with a location along a route that is already known

45
Q

Peg-word system

A

Associate numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the number

46
Q

Where is short-term memory housed?

A

Hippocampus

47
Q

How many items can be stored in short-term memory?

A

7 +/- 2

48
Q

Where is working memory housed?

A

Hippocampus

49
Q

What are the two types of long-term memories?

A

Implicit

Explicit

50
Q

What is nondeclarative memory also known as?

A

Implicit, procedural

51
Q

What is procedural memory also known as?

A

Implicit, nondeclarative

52
Q

What is implicit memory also known as?

A

Nondeclarative, procedural

53
Q

What does implicit memory consist of?

A

Skills and conditioned responses

54
Q

What does explicit memory consist of?

A

Memories that require conscious recall

55
Q

What is explicit memory also known as?

A

Declarative

56
Q

What is declarative memory also known as?

A

Explicit

57
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A

Semantic

Episodic

58
Q

What are semantic memories?

A

Facts

59
Q

What are episodic memories?

A

Experiences

60
Q

What type of memories are semantic memories?

A

Long term, explicit

61
Q

What type of memories are episodic memories?

A

Long term, explicit

62
Q

Serial position effect

A

Higher recall for the first and last items on a list

63
Q

Primacy effect

A

Tendency to remember early items in a list

64
Q

Recency effect

A

Tendency to remember the last items in a list

65
Q

Sundowning

A

Increase in dysfunction during afternoon and evening in patients with Alzheimers

66
Q

Confabulation

A

Process of creating vivid but fabricated memories

67
Q

What is the likely cause of Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

Thiamine Deficiency in the brain

68
Q

What type of memory loss is associated with Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

Retrograde and anterograde amnesia (loss of old memories and inability to create new memories)

69
Q

Agnosia

A

Loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds

70
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old information interferring with new learning

71
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New information causes forgetting of old information

72
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Leading language or expectations can affect a memory

73
Q

Source-monitoring error

A

Confusion between semantic and episodic memory such as remembering the details of an event but getting the context wrong

74
Q

What is the meurophysiologic bases of long-term memories?

A

Long-term potentiation

75
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Strengthening of neuronal responses to a stimulus by repetition

MCAT (31 decks)

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