Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivated by external forces coming from outside oneself such as incentives or avoiding punishment
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation that comes from within oneself such as interest or pure enjoyment
Which theory of motivation is based on evolutionarily programmed factors?
Instinct Theory
Instinct Theory
People are driven to certain behaviors based on evolutionary instincts
Motivation to suck thumb is based on what theory?
Instinct theory
Arousal theory
People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal
Do complex or simple tasks require higher levels of arousal?
Simple
What is a drive?
Internal state of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals to reduce an uncomfortable state
Primary drives
Need for food, water, warmth, etc to maintain homeostasis
Is homeostasis regulated by positive or negative feedback loops?
Negative
Secondary drive
Not directly related to biological processes, thought to stem from learning
Is the desire for nurturing and love a primary or secondary drive?
Secondary
Drive reduction theory
Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory
Certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation
Order of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Physiological Safety Love/Belonging Esteem Self-Actualization
Which category of Maslow’s does morality and creativity fall within?
Self-Actualization
Is safety or physiological needs more important according to Maslow?
Physiological
What are the two need-based motivational theories?
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Self-determination theory
What three needs are involved in self-determination theory?
Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness
Incentive theory
Behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments
Expectancy-value theory
Amount of motivation needed for a task is related to one’s expectation of success and the degree of value based on succeeding
Opponent-process theory
The body will change to counteract the effects of something on the body (drugs) but this change lasts longer than the substance, leading to withdrawal symptoms
What theory explains drug and alcohol addiction?
Opponent-process theory
Drug tolerance
Decrease in perceived drug effect over time
Emotion
Natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationship with others
What are the three elements of an emotion?
Physiological response, behavioral response, cognitive response
What are the universal emotions?
Happiness Sadness Contempt Surprise Fear Disgust Anger
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
A stimulus first results in physiologic arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled
Someone who says: “I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is rising” would likely believe which theory of emotion?
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
The cognitive and physiologic components of emotion occur simultaneously and then result in the behavioral component
Someone who says: “I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing… let me out!” would likely believe which theory of emotion?
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
For an emotion to be experienced, both arousal and cognitive labeling of arousal must be present
What is the Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion also known as?
Cognitive Arousal Theory
Two-factor Theory
What is the Two Factor theory also known as?
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
Cognitive Arousal theory
What is the cognitive arousal theory also known as?
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
Two-factor theory
In which theory must one consciously analyze the environment in relation to arousal?
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
Someone who says: “I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy” would likely believe which theory of emotion?
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
First and second response of Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
First - nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second - Conscious emotion
First - nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second - Conscious emotion
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
First and second response of James-Lange Theory of Emotion
First - Nervous system arousal
Second - Conscious emotion
First - Nervous system arousal
Second - Conscious emotion
James-Lange Theory of emotion
First - Nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
Second - Action
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
First and second response of Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
First - Nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
Second - Action
Amygdala
Processes environment, detects external cues, and learns from the surroundings to produce emotion
Which brain structures interpret facial expressions?
Amygdala, Temporal lobe, and a bit of occipital lobe
How is the hypothalamus related to emotion?
Controlling neurotransmitter levels that affect mood and arousal
How is the hippocampus related to emotion?
The retrieval of memories is key to emotional response by providing context
Is emotion implicit or explicit memory?
Implicit
What is the difference between the right and left prefrontal cortexes in terms of emotion?
Right - Negative emotions
Left - Positive emotions
Is the right or left prefrontal cortex involved in positive emotions?
Left
Is the right or left prefrontal cortex involved in negative emotions?
Right
What is the dorsal prefrontal cortex responsible for?
Attention and Cognition
What is the ventral prefrontal cortex responsible for?
Experiencing emotion
What is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex responsible for?
Decision-making and controlled emotional responses from amygdala
What is cognitive appraisal?
Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress
Primary appraisal consists of?
Evaluation of the environment and the associated threat
Secondary appraisal consists of?
Evaluation of whether the organism can cope with the stress
Will secondary appraisal occur if the primary appraisal is irrelevant?
No
Will secondary appraisal occur if the primary appraisal is a threat?
Yes
What are the two types of stress?
Distress
Eustress
Distress
Occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors
Eustress
Result of a positive experience
Three stages of general adaptation sydrome?
Alarm stage
Resistance stage
Exhaustion stage
Where is ACTH secreted from?
Pituitary
Where is cortisol secreted from?
Adrenal glands
