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MCAT > Motivation, Emotion, and Stress > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Motivated by external forces coming from outside oneself such as incentives or avoiding punishment

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2
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Motivation that comes from within oneself such as interest or pure enjoyment

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3
Q

Which theory of motivation is based on evolutionarily programmed factors?

A

Instinct Theory

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4
Q

Instinct Theory

A

People are driven to certain behaviors based on evolutionary instincts

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5
Q

Motivation to suck thumb is based on what theory?

A

Instinct theory

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6
Q

Arousal theory

A

People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

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7
Q

Do complex or simple tasks require higher levels of arousal?

A

Simple

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8
Q

What is a drive?

A

Internal state of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals to reduce an uncomfortable state

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9
Q

Primary drives

A

Need for food, water, warmth, etc to maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

Is homeostasis regulated by positive or negative feedback loops?

A

Negative

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11
Q

Secondary drive

A

Not directly related to biological processes, thought to stem from learning

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12
Q

Is the desire for nurturing and love a primary or secondary drive?

A

Secondary

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13
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

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14
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory

A

Certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation

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15
Q

Order of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

A 
Physiological
Safety
Love/Belonging
Esteem
Self-Actualization
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16
Q

Which category of Maslow’s does morality and creativity fall within?

A

Self-Actualization

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17
Q

Is safety or physiological needs more important according to Maslow?

A

Physiological

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18
Q

What are the two need-based motivational theories?

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Self-determination theory

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19
Q

What three needs are involved in self-determination theory?

A

Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness

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20
Q

Incentive theory

A

Behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

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21
Q

Expectancy-value theory

A

Amount of motivation needed for a task is related to one’s expectation of success and the degree of value based on succeeding

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22
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

The body will change to counteract the effects of something on the body (drugs) but this change lasts longer than the substance, leading to withdrawal symptoms

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23
Q

What theory explains drug and alcohol addiction?

A

Opponent-process theory

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24
Q

Drug tolerance

A

Decrease in perceived drug effect over time

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25
Q

Emotion

A

Natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationship with others

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26
Q

What are the three elements of an emotion?

A

Physiological response, behavioral response, cognitive response

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27
Q

What are the universal emotions?

A 
Happiness
Sadness
Contempt
Surprise
Fear
Disgust
Anger
28
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

A stimulus first results in physiologic arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled

29
Q

Someone who says: “I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is rising” would likely believe which theory of emotion?

A

James-Lange

30
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

The cognitive and physiologic components of emotion occur simultaneously and then result in the behavioral component

31
Q

Someone who says: “I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing… let me out!” would likely believe which theory of emotion?

A

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

32
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

A

For an emotion to be experienced, both arousal and cognitive labeling of arousal must be present

33
Q

What is the Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion also known as?

A

Cognitive Arousal Theory

Two-factor Theory

34
Q

What is the Two Factor theory also known as?

A

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Cognitive Arousal theory

35
Q

What is the cognitive arousal theory also known as?

A

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Two-factor theory

36
Q

In which theory must one consciously analyze the environment in relation to arousal?

A

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

37
Q

Someone who says: “I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy” would likely believe which theory of emotion?

A

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

38
Q

First and second response of Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

A

First - nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal

Second - Conscious emotion

39
Q

First - nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal

Second - Conscious emotion

A

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

40
Q

First and second response of James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

First - Nervous system arousal

Second - Conscious emotion

41
Q

First - Nervous system arousal

Second - Conscious emotion

A

James-Lange Theory of emotion

42
Q

First - Nervous system arousal and conscious emotion

Second - Action

A

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

43
Q

First and second response of Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

First - Nervous system arousal and conscious emotion

Second - Action

44
Q

Amygdala

A

Processes environment, detects external cues, and learns from the surroundings to produce emotion

45
Q

Which brain structures interpret facial expressions?

A

Amygdala, Temporal lobe, and a bit of occipital lobe

46
Q

How is the hypothalamus related to emotion?

A

Controlling neurotransmitter levels that affect mood and arousal

47
Q

How is the hippocampus related to emotion?

A

The retrieval of memories is key to emotional response by providing context

48
Q

Is emotion implicit or explicit memory?

A

Implicit

49
Q

What is the difference between the right and left prefrontal cortexes in terms of emotion?

A

Right - Negative emotions

Left - Positive emotions

50
Q

Is the right or left prefrontal cortex involved in positive emotions?

A

Left

51
Q

Is the right or left prefrontal cortex involved in negative emotions?

A

Right

52
Q

What is the dorsal prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Attention and Cognition

53
Q

What is the ventral prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Experiencing emotion

54
Q

What is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Decision-making and controlled emotional responses from amygdala

55
Q

What is cognitive appraisal?

A

Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

56
Q

Primary appraisal consists of?

A

Evaluation of the environment and the associated threat

57
Q

Secondary appraisal consists of?

A

Evaluation of whether the organism can cope with the stress

58
Q

Will secondary appraisal occur if the primary appraisal is irrelevant?

A

No

59
Q

Will secondary appraisal occur if the primary appraisal is a threat?

A

Yes

60
Q

What are the two types of stress?

A

Distress

Eustress

61
Q

Distress

A

Occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

62
Q

Eustress

A

Result of a positive experience

63
Q

Three stages of general adaptation sydrome?

A

Alarm stage
Resistance stage
Exhaustion stage

64
Q

Where is ACTH secreted from?

A

Pituitary

65
Q

Where is cortisol secreted from?

A

Adrenal glands

MCAT (31 decks)

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