Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT > Cognition, Consciousness, Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, Language Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

How does Piaget define learning?

A

Instinctual interaction with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Assimilation according to Piaget?

A

Process of classifying new information into existing schemata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Accommodation according to Piaget?

A

Process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What ages span Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

A

Birth to two years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What ages span Piaget’s preoperational stage?

A

Two to seven years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What ages span Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

A

Seven to eleven years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What ages span Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A

Over eleven years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Primary circular reactions

A

Originally occurred by chance but found to be soothing - ie sucking the thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

Something done outside the body that receives a reaction from the environment - ie throwing a toy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

Something done outside the body that receives a reaction from the environment - ie throwing a toy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What end the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?

A

Object permanence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

At about what age do children develop object permanence?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is representational thought?

A

Creation of mental representations of external objects and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is characteristic of Piaget’s preoperational stage?

A

Symbolic thinking, egocentism, centration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is symbolic thinking?

A

Ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an imagination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is centration?

A

Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon or inability to understand the concept of conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is characteristic of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

A

Ability to understand conservation and consider the perspectives of others but inability to think abstractly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is characteristic of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

A

Ability to understand conservation and consider the perspectives of others but inability to think abstractly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is characteristic of Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A

Ability to think logically about abstract ideas, problem-solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A child who demonstrates an ability to problem-solve would be in which stage of development according to Piaget?

A

Formal operational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What did Lev Vygotsky believe about cognitive development and culture?

A

Cognitive development is a child’s internalization of their culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Problem-solving skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of intelligence is problem-solving?

A

Fluid intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Use of learned skills and knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of intelligence is use of learned skills?

A

Crystallized intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is delirium?

A

Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and medically caused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What causes delirium?

A

Medical causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is delirium reversible?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the three steps of information processing?

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the three steps of information processing?

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a mental set in problem solving?

A

Tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is functional fixedness in problem solving?

A

Inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When is trial-and-error effective?

A

Relatively few possible solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Start with a set of general rules and draw conclusions from the information given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of problem-solving do logic puzzles require?

A

Deductive reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Creation of a theory from generalizations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Is deductive reasoning top down or bottom up processing?

A

Top down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Is inductive reasoning top down or bottom up processing?

A

Bottom up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is another name for a heuristic?

A

Rule of thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

Make decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic?

A

Categorize items no the basis of whether they fit a prototypical image of the category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the base rate fallacy?

A

Using stereotypical factors while ignoring numerical information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Tendency to focus on information that fits an individual’s beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them

47
Q

What might prevent someone from eliminating an option that failed during testing?

A

Confirmation bias / belief perseverance

48
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

Inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

49
Q

What is intuition?

A

Ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by actual evidence

50
Q

Who believes that there are multiple intelligences?

A

Howard Gardner

51
Q

Howard Gardner theory of intelligence

A

Multiple intelligences - Western culture values linguistics and logical-mathematical

52
Q

Stanford-Binet IQ test

A

IQ=((mental age)/(chronological age))*100

53
Q

Consciousness is?

A

One’s level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence within that world

54
Q

Which brain fibers communicate to maintain alertness?

A

Prefrontal cortex and reticular formation in the branistem

55
Q

Where is melatonin secreted from?

A

Pineal gland

56
Q

Where is cortisol produced?

A

Adrenal cortex

57
Q

How does cortisol affect sleep-wake cycling?

A

Light in the morning leads to release of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) from hypothalamus –> CRF causes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary which stimulates cortisol release

58
Q

What is corticotropin releasing factor?

A

Light stimulates its release from hypothalamus and it leads to ACTH production which leads to cortisol release

59
Q

Where is corticotropin releasing factor produced / released from?

A

Hypothalamus

60
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Stimulated by CRF, it then stimulates cortisol release

61
Q

Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary

62
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

Dreams are caused by random activation of neural circuitry stitched together by the cortex

63
Q

Problem-Solving dream theory

A

Dreams are a way to solve problems while sleeping without the obstacles of the real world present

64
Q

Cognitive process dream theory

A

Dreams are the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness

65
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Disorders that make it hard to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep

66
Q

Parasommnias

A

Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

67
Q

Insomnia

A

Trouble falling or staying asleep

68
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Characterized by lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep

69
Q

Cataplexy

A

Loss of muscle control and intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours

70
Q

One with cataplexy most likely has what sleep disorder

A

Narcolepsy

71
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Sensation of being unable to move despite being awake

72
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Inability to breathe during sleep

73
Q

Night terrors

A

Periods of intense anxiety during sleep

74
Q

During which stage of sleep do night terrors happen?

A

Slow wave sleep

75
Q

What is somnambulism also known as?

A

Sleepwalking

76
Q

During which stage of sleep does sleepwalking happen?

A

Slow wave sleep

77
Q

Can sleep deprivation occur after one night without sleep?

A

Yes

78
Q

How do depressants affect the nervous system?

A

Reduce activity

79
Q

Does alcohol increase or decrease activity of the GABA receptor?

A

Increases

80
Q

Does an increase in activity of GABA receptor cause an increase or decrease in arousal?

A

Decrease

81
Q

How does alcohol affect dopamine in the brain?

A

Increases, leading to mild euphoria

82
Q

Alcohol myopia

A

Inability to recognize consequences of actions due to alcohol consumption

83
Q

How do stimulants affect the nervous system?

A

Increase in arousal and activity

84
Q

How do stimulants increase nervous system activity?

A

Increase frequency of action potentials

85
Q

How do amphetamines affect the nervous system?

A

Increase release of dopamine, norepi, and serotonin at the synapse and decrease their reuptake

86
Q

How does cocaine affect the nervous system?

A

Decrease reuptake of dopamine, norepi, and serotonin

87
Q

Which class of stimulants does cocaine behave similarly to?

A

Amphetamines

88
Q

How do opioids affect the nervous system?

A

Bind to opioid receptors causing a reduced reaction to pain

89
Q

How can opioids lead to death?

A

Respiratory supression

90
Q

What is the active chemical in marijuana?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

91
Q

How does marijuana affect nervous system?

A

Inhibits GABA and increases dopamine activity

92
Q

What pathway in the brain is drug addiction related to?

A

Mesolimbic reward pathway

93
Q

What is phonology?

A

Actual sound of language

94
Q

What is a categorical perception?

A

Ability to tell the difference between speech changes and whether the differences confer meaning

95
Q

What is morphology in language?

A

Structure of words

96
Q

Morphemes

A

Building blocks of words

97
Q

What is semantics in language?

A

Association of meaning with a word

98
Q

What is syntax?

A

How words are put together into sentences

99
Q

What is pragmatics in language?

A

Dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

100
Q

What is prosody in language?

A

Rhythm, cadence, and inflection of our voices

101
Q

When does a child’s explosion of language usually occur?

A

18 months

102
Q

At what age is language generally mastered?

A

Five

103
Q

What is the Whorfian hypothesis?

A

Our perception of reality is determined by the content of language

104
Q

What is the language relativity hypothesis also known as?

A

Whorfian hypothesis

105
Q

What is the Whorfian hypothesis also known as?

A

Language relativity hypothesis

106
Q

Are language areas located in the dominant or non-dominant hemisphere?

A

Dominant

107
Q

What connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

108
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

A

Bundle of axons connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas and allowing for appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production

109
Q

Broca’s area is responsible for

A

Motor function of speech

110
Q

Wernicke’s area is responsible for

A

Language comprehension

111
Q

Broca’s area is located in (lobe)

A

Frontal Lobe

112
Q

Wernicke’s area is located in (lobe)

A

Temporal lobe

113
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Lesion to arcuate fasciculus in which someone is unable to repeat words that have been said due to loss of connection between areas

MCAT (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions