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Smart Edition Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are scientific law and theory different

A

Law is the description of observed phenomenon, usually includes a mathematical formula.

Theory is an explanation for a phenomenon.

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2
Q

The oxygen atom in water has which charge?

What charge does the hydrogen have?

A

Oxygen = Slightly negative

Hydrogen = Slightly positive

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3
Q

The attraction between water molecules is which type?

Is it a strong or weak bond

A

Hydrogen bond

Weak

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4
Q

Enzymes are made from what

A

Proteins

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5
Q

What makes up a lipid

A

Glycerol and fatty acid

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6
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic pathways involve the synthesis of new molecules.

How about breaking down molecules

A

Anabolic builds

Catabolic breaksdown

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7
Q

4 parts of cellular respiration

Which takes place in the cytoplasm
Which take place in the mitochondria

A

Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
Oxidation of pyruvate

Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain / Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Mitochondria)

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8
Q

Hydrophilic substance is soluble in water?

A

Yes

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9
Q

3 parts of cell theory

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cells are alive and represent the basic unit of life.
  3. All cells are produced from pre-existing cells
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10
Q

What are the hair-like structures that surround a Prokaryotic cell that help in cellular adhesión called?

A

Pili

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11
Q

Function of the Nucleolus

A

Ribosome biogenisis

Through processing and assembly of rRNA into preribosomal particles

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12
Q

The cell cycle is divided into 2 phases

A

Interphase & Mitotic Phase

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13
Q

During this cell cycle phase the cell grows and makes copies of its DNA

A

Interphase

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14
Q

The G¹, S, G² phases make up which phase of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

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15
Q

PMAT + Cytokinesis make up which phase of the cell cycle?

A

Mitotic

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16
Q

What happens during the S phase in Interphase?

A

DNA replication

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17
Q

Difference between Chromatin, Chromosome, & Chromatids

A

Chromatin is long chain of DNA

Chromosome is DNA rolled up and going through cell division

Chromatid: are Sister Chromatids that branch off the same Chromosome

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18
Q

What holds sister chromatids together

A

Centromere

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19
Q

This type of cell division goes from 2n to n

A

Meiosis

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20
Q

Crossing over occurs when in meiosis

A

Prophase 1

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21
Q

The result of meiosis is 1 diploid cell that divides into

A

4 haploid cells

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22
Q

2n state of a cell having the normal number of chromosomes

A

Diploid

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23
Q

The state of a sex cell having half the number of usual chromosomes

A

Haploid

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24
Q

When a cell splits into two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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25
Q

Phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and copies DNA

A

Interphase

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26
Q

Oxidation occurs when a reactant _____ electrons during a reaction.

Reduction occurs when a reactant ______ electrons.

A

Lose

Gains

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27
Q

Glucose is converted to _____ in glycolysis

A

2 pyruvates

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28
Q

Metabolic reaction that results in the production of ATP by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP

A

Substrate-level phosphorlation

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29
Q

The process by which ATP synthesis is coupled to the movement of electrons through the mitochondrial ETC and associated consumption of oxygen

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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30
Q

During the 1st step in cellular respiración called ________

1 molecule of glucose breaks down into 2 smaller sugar molecules called _________

Where does this process take place?

Is this process “Aerobic or Anaerobic”

End products

A

Glycolysis

Pyruvates

Cytoplasm

Anaerobic

2 ATP, 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH

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31
Q

The Oxidation of the pyruvate must happen before which step in cellular respiration?

A

Citric acid cycle aka Kerbs cycle

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32
Q

During the oxidation of the pyruvate what does it get turned into?

A

Acetyl coA

33
Q

The net yeild for 1 glucose molecule in the Aerobic Kerbs cycle is

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH²
4 CO²

34
Q

Light dependent reactions in photosynthesis produce….

A

ATP and NADPH

35
Q

Dark reactions in photosynthesis aka _______ use ATP & NADPH from light reactions to produce ______ & _______

A

Calvin cycle

Glucose & Oxygen

36
Q

Diploid and haploid number of chromosomes in a human

A

46 / 23

37
Q

Which are Purines & which are Pyrimadines?

What is the mnemonic to remember

A

Purines Pyrimadines
AG CUT
“Pure” Silver “Pie”- You Cut Pie

38
Q

The orientation of the strands of DNA are described as being

A

Anti parallel

39
Q

Enzyme that digest the hydrogen bond holding complementary Nitrogen bases together that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder.

A

Helicase

40
Q

This enzyme lengthens the DNA strand by laying repeating units of DNA nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase

41
Q

Before DNA polymerase can laydown more Nucleotides which enzyme must start by putting down some Nucleotides

A

DNA Primase

42
Q

A theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.

What is the name of this theory

A

Central dogma

43
Q

DNA is ________ into mRNA then ______ into a specific protein

A

Transcribed/ Translated

44
Q

Involves drawing a general conclusion from specific observations. This form of reasoning is referred to as the “from the bottom up” approach

A

Inductive reasoning

45
Q

Information gathered from specific observations can be used to make a general conclusion about the topic under investigation. In other words, conclusions are based on observed patterns in data.

Is this type of reasoning

A

Inductive

46
Q

is the logical approach of making a prediction about a general principle to draw a specific conclusion. It is recognized as the “from the top down” approach

Is this kind of reasoning

A

Deductive reasoning

47
Q

For example, ___________ is used to test a theory by collecting data that challenges the theory.

A

Deductive Reasoning

48
Q

On a graph where is the Independent variable located?

Where is the dependent variable located?

A

Independent = X axis

Dependent = Y axis

49
Q

Which part of the scientific method requires a researcher to create variables?

A

Testing a hypothesis

50
Q

According to the scientific method, the following steps are followed after making an observation or asking a question:

  1. Conduct __________ on the topic
  2. formulate a _______
  3. Test the hypothesis with an _______
  4. What do you do to the Results?
  5. Report conclusions that explain whether the results support the hypothesis
A
  1. Background research
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment
  4. Analyze
51
Q

____________ is the process of creating a reliable experiment to test a hypothesis

A

Experimental Design

52
Q

The variable that is manipulated, or what is administered to a group as a treatment, is called the __________

A

Treatment group

53
Q

___________ is the item or subject in an experiment that the researcher manipulates.

A

Treatment group

54
Q

A researcher wants to evaluate how different tire treads affect braking speed. How should she define her control group?

Number of tire treads tested

Change in environmental conditions

Braking distance measured over time

Use of one car during the experiment

A

Use of one car during the experiment

55
Q

Why are metabolic pathways cyclic?

  1. Metabolic reactions generally take place one at a time.
  2. All of the products created in metabolic reactions are used up.

3.The reactions are continuous as long as reactants are available.

  1. Energy in the form of ATP is sent to different cells for various uses
A
  1. Metabolic reactions are cyclic, which means they keep occurring as long as enough starting materials are available to allow the reaction to proceed
56
Q

What standard is used to make comparisons in experiments?

  1. Sample size
  2. Control group
  3. Dependent variable
  4. Independent variable
A
  1. Control group
57
Q

What is a theory?

  1. A rule that describes patterns observed in nature.
  2. A widely accepted explanation that is not modifiable.
  3. A single experiment that is capable of being repeated.
  4. A well-supported explanation about why things happen
A
  1. A well-supported explanation about why things happen
58
Q

A ____ is a rule that describes patterns observed in nature

A

Law

59
Q

Scientists widely accept both laws and theories, but they can be modified over time.

True or False

A

True

60
Q

What raw inorganic material would an autotroph most likely use to create chemical energy for growth?

  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Minerals in soil
    3 Decaying matter
  3. Sugar molecules
A

2

61
Q

During which phase of meiosis do chiasmata structures form?

Prophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase I
Metaphase II

A

Prophase 1

Chiasmata are X-shaped structures that form when chromosomes from the mother and father of an organism undergoing meiosis are physically bound. This happens during prophase I of meiosis.

62
Q

Sister chromatids are formed after chromosomes

condense.

elongate.

replicate.

separate.

A

Separate

63
Q

During theG2phase, more copies of tubulin are made to separate

histones.

chromosomes

daughter cells.

sister chromatids.

A

Chromesomes

64
Q

Sister chromatids and centromeres are found in a ____ chromosome?

replicated
duplicated
histone absent
loosely condensed

A

When two sister chromatids come together they are bound by a centromere; this enables them to form a loosely condensed chromosome.

65
Q

The process that rewrites the information in a gene in DNA into a molecule of _________ is called transcription.

A

Mrna

66
Q

A _________ is a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division.

A

Chromesome

67
Q

__________ acts as an interpreter molecule, translating mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences.

A

Trna

68
Q

After DNA is replicated, with the help of RNA polymerase, this strand is transcribed into ________. The _________ molecule is used as a template to make a protein. Nitrogenous bases are used to create a strand of DNA.

A

Mrna / Mrna

69
Q

Which of the following directly plays a role in protein synthesis?

Messenger RNA

DNA Replication

DNA polymerase

Nitrogenous base

A

Mrna

70
Q

The sequence of amino acids in a gene determines

the primary structure of a codon.

the primary structure of a protein.

the primary structure of a nucleotide.

the primary structure of a nucleic

A

Primary structure of the protein

71
Q

The sequence of amino acids in a gene determines the primary structure of a 1. ______. The components necessary fortranslationare located in the cytoplasm. Translation is the making of proteins by mRNA binding to a 2. ______ with the start codon that initiates the production of amino acids. A3.______ forms and connects the amino acids together. The sequence of amino acids determines the protein’s structure, which determines its function.

A
  1. Protein
  2. Ribosome
  3. Peptide bond
72
Q

A single DNA molecule is packaged in a rod shaped structure also known as a _________

A

Chromesome

73
Q

In DNA replication, a DNA strand is separated, and a

complementary strand attaches.

complementary strand is assembled.

complementary strand replicates
itself.

complementary strand forms a double helix.

A

complementary strand is assembled.

74
Q

In eukaryotes, what does transcription produce?

mRNA
pre-mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

A

Pre-mRNA

75
Q

Interphase is made up of (3)

A

G¹, S, G²

76
Q

During this phase a cell synthesizes a copy of its DNA

A

S phase

77
Q

Sister Chromatids thicken and shorten

Line up at the middle of the cell

Split apart at centromere

1 Chromatid goes into each of the 2 new cells

A

Mitosis

78
Q

Which phases of the cell cycle does a cell grow normally, without any division or replication occuring

A

G1 & G2

79
Q

Does the M phase of cell division include cytokinesis

A

Yes

Biology (27 decks)

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