Smart Edition Biology Flashcards
How are scientific law and theory different
Law is the description of observed phenomenon, usually includes a mathematical formula.
Theory is an explanation for a phenomenon.
The oxygen atom in water has which charge?
What charge does the hydrogen have?
Oxygen = Slightly negative
Hydrogen = Slightly positive
The attraction between water molecules is which type?
Is it a strong or weak bond
Hydrogen bond
Weak
Enzymes are made from what
Proteins
What makes up a lipid
Glycerol and fatty acid
Anabolic or Catabolic pathways involve the synthesis of new molecules.
How about breaking down molecules
Anabolic builds
Catabolic breaksdown
4 parts of cellular respiration
Which takes place in the cytoplasm
Which take place in the mitochondria
Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
Oxidation of pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain / Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Mitochondria)
Hydrophilic substance is soluble in water?
Yes
3 parts of cell theory
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are alive and represent the basic unit of life.
- All cells are produced from pre-existing cells
What are the hair-like structures that surround a Prokaryotic cell that help in cellular adhesión called?
Pili
Function of the Nucleolus
Ribosome biogenisis
Through processing and assembly of rRNA into preribosomal particles
The cell cycle is divided into 2 phases
Interphase & Mitotic Phase
During this cell cycle phase the cell grows and makes copies of its DNA
Interphase
The G¹, S, G² phases make up which phase of the cell cycle
Interphase
PMAT + Cytokinesis make up which phase of the cell cycle?
Mitotic
What happens during the S phase in Interphase?
DNA replication
Difference between Chromatin, Chromosome, & Chromatids
Chromatin is long chain of DNA
Chromosome is DNA rolled up and going through cell division
Chromatid: are Sister Chromatids that branch off the same Chromosome
What holds sister chromatids together
Centromere
This type of cell division goes from 2n to n
Meiosis
Crossing over occurs when in meiosis
Prophase 1
The result of meiosis is 1 diploid cell that divides into
4 haploid cells
2n state of a cell having the normal number of chromosomes
Diploid
The state of a sex cell having half the number of usual chromosomes
Haploid
When a cell splits into two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
Phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and copies DNA
Interphase
Oxidation occurs when a reactant _____ electrons during a reaction.
Reduction occurs when a reactant ______ electrons.
Lose
Gains
Glucose is converted to _____ in glycolysis
2 pyruvates
Metabolic reaction that results in the production of ATP by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP
Substrate-level phosphorlation
The process by which ATP synthesis is coupled to the movement of electrons through the mitochondrial ETC and associated consumption of oxygen
Oxidative phosphorylation
During the 1st step in cellular respiración called ________
1 molecule of glucose breaks down into 2 smaller sugar molecules called _________
Where does this process take place?
Is this process “Aerobic or Anaerobic”
End products
Glycolysis
Pyruvates
Cytoplasm
Anaerobic
2 ATP, 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH
The Oxidation of the pyruvate must happen before which step in cellular respiration?
Citric acid cycle aka Kerbs cycle
During the oxidation of the pyruvate what does it get turned into?
Acetyl coA
The net yeild for 1 glucose molecule in the Aerobic Kerbs cycle is
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH²
4 CO²
Light dependent reactions in photosynthesis produce….
ATP and NADPH
Dark reactions in photosynthesis aka _______ use ATP & NADPH from light reactions to produce ______ & _______
Calvin cycle
Glucose & Oxygen
Diploid and haploid number of chromosomes in a human
46 / 23
Which are Purines & which are Pyrimadines?
What is the mnemonic to remember
Purines Pyrimadines
AG CUT
“Pure” Silver “Pie”- You Cut Pie
The orientation of the strands of DNA are described as being
Anti parallel
Enzyme that digest the hydrogen bond holding complementary Nitrogen bases together that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder.
Helicase
This enzyme lengthens the DNA strand by laying repeating units of DNA nucleotides
DNA polymerase
Before DNA polymerase can laydown more Nucleotides which enzyme must start by putting down some Nucleotides
DNA Primase
A theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.
What is the name of this theory
Central dogma
DNA is ________ into mRNA then ______ into a specific protein
Transcribed/ Translated
Involves drawing a general conclusion from specific observations. This form of reasoning is referred to as the “from the bottom up” approach
Inductive reasoning
Information gathered from specific observations can be used to make a general conclusion about the topic under investigation. In other words, conclusions are based on observed patterns in data.
Is this type of reasoning
Inductive
is the logical approach of making a prediction about a general principle to draw a specific conclusion. It is recognized as the “from the top down” approach
Is this kind of reasoning
Deductive reasoning
For example, ___________ is used to test a theory by collecting data that challenges the theory.
Deductive Reasoning
On a graph where is the Independent variable located?
Where is the dependent variable located?
Independent = X axis
Dependent = Y axis
Which part of the scientific method requires a researcher to create variables?
Testing a hypothesis
According to the scientific method, the following steps are followed after making an observation or asking a question:
- Conduct __________ on the topic
- formulate a _______
- Test the hypothesis with an _______
- What do you do to the Results?
- Report conclusions that explain whether the results support the hypothesis
- Background research
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Analyze
____________ is the process of creating a reliable experiment to test a hypothesis
Experimental Design
The variable that is manipulated, or what is administered to a group as a treatment, is called the __________
Treatment group
___________ is the item or subject in an experiment that the researcher manipulates.
Treatment group
A researcher wants to evaluate how different tire treads affect braking speed. How should she define her control group?
Number of tire treads tested
Change in environmental conditions
Braking distance measured over time
Use of one car during the experiment
Use of one car during the experiment
Why are metabolic pathways cyclic?
- Metabolic reactions generally take place one at a time.
- All of the products created in metabolic reactions are used up.
3.The reactions are continuous as long as reactants are available.
- Energy in the form of ATP is sent to different cells for various uses
- Metabolic reactions are cyclic, which means they keep occurring as long as enough starting materials are available to allow the reaction to proceed
What standard is used to make comparisons in experiments?
- Sample size
- Control group
- Dependent variable
- Independent variable
- Control group
What is a theory?
- A rule that describes patterns observed in nature.
- A widely accepted explanation that is not modifiable.
- A single experiment that is capable of being repeated.
- A well-supported explanation about why things happen
- A well-supported explanation about why things happen
A ____ is a rule that describes patterns observed in nature
Law
Scientists widely accept both laws and theories, but they can be modified over time.
True or False
True
What raw inorganic material would an autotroph most likely use to create chemical energy for growth?
- Carbon dioxide
- Minerals in soil
3 Decaying matter - Sugar molecules
2
During which phase of meiosis do chiasmata structures form?
Prophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase I
Metaphase II
Prophase 1
Chiasmata are X-shaped structures that form when chromosomes from the mother and father of an organism undergoing meiosis are physically bound. This happens during prophase I of meiosis.
Sister chromatids are formed after chromosomes
condense.
elongate.
replicate.
separate.
Separate
During theG2phase, more copies of tubulin are made to separate
histones.
chromosomes
daughter cells.
sister chromatids.
Chromesomes
Sister chromatids and centromeres are found in a ____ chromosome?
replicated
duplicated
histone absent
loosely condensed
When two sister chromatids come together they are bound by a centromere; this enables them to form a loosely condensed chromosome.
The process that rewrites the information in a gene in DNA into a molecule of _________ is called transcription.
Mrna
A _________ is a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division.
Chromesome
__________ acts as an interpreter molecule, translating mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences.
Trna
After DNA is replicated, with the help of RNA polymerase, this strand is transcribed into ________. The _________ molecule is used as a template to make a protein. Nitrogenous bases are used to create a strand of DNA.
Mrna / Mrna
Which of the following directly plays a role in protein synthesis?
Messenger RNA
DNA Replication
DNA polymerase
Nitrogenous base
Mrna
The sequence of amino acids in a gene determines
the primary structure of a codon.
the primary structure of a protein.
the primary structure of a nucleotide.
the primary structure of a nucleic
Primary structure of the protein
The sequence of amino acids in a gene determines the primary structure of a 1. ______. The components necessary fortranslationare located in the cytoplasm. Translation is the making of proteins by mRNA binding to a 2. ______ with the start codon that initiates the production of amino acids. A3.______ forms and connects the amino acids together. The sequence of amino acids determines the protein’s structure, which determines its function.
- Protein
- Ribosome
- Peptide bond
A single DNA molecule is packaged in a rod shaped structure also known as a _________
Chromesome
In DNA replication, a DNA strand is separated, and a
complementary strand attaches.
complementary strand is assembled.
complementary strand replicates
itself.
complementary strand forms a double helix.
complementary strand is assembled.
In eukaryotes, what does transcription produce?
mRNA
pre-mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
Pre-mRNA
Interphase is made up of (3)
G¹, S, G²
During this phase a cell synthesizes a copy of its DNA
S phase
Sister Chromatids thicken and shorten
Line up at the middle of the cell
Split apart at centromere
1 Chromatid goes into each of the 2 new cells
Mitosis
Which phases of the cell cycle does a cell grow normally, without any division or replication occuring
G1 & G2
Does the M phase of cell division include cytokinesis
Yes
