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Biology > Mendlian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendlian Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

The female and male part of the plants are called:

A

Female: Carpel

Male: Stamen

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2
Q

Gregors 2 laws

A

Law of Segregation

Law of independent assortment

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3
Q

Law of Segregation states: 4

A

Each individual has 2 factors for each trait

The factors segregate during the formation of the gametes

Each gamete contains only 1 factor from each pair of factors

Fertilization gives each new individual 2 factors for each trait

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4
Q

State law of Segregation in easy terms

A

Alleles segregate randomly into gamates

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5
Q

The physical location of a gene is called

A

Locus

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6
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype

A

Genotype is represented by TT or tt or any combination

Phenotype is the physical appearance

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7
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Cross between parents that differ in 2 traits

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8
Q

Law of independent assortment in easy language

A

The alleles a gamate recieves for one gene doesn’t influence the allele recieved by another gene

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9
Q

A dihybrid cross gives the ratio of 9:3:3:1

What do these numbers represent

A

9: Two dominate phenotypes together
3: Dominate phenotype with a hidden recessive
1: Double recessive phenotype

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10
Q

Cross between an individual with a dominant phenotype and an individual with a recessive phenotype to determine whether the dominant individual is homozygous or heterozygous

A

Testcross

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11
Q

Autosomal Recessive Means:

Give an example

A

Needs to disease genes to Express the Disease

Cystic Fibrosis

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12
Q

Autosomal Dominate Means:

Example

A

Needs only 1 disease gene to Express Disease

Huntington’s disease

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13
Q

A carrier of an Autosomal Recessive disease is what?

A

Someone who carries only 1 copy of the diseased gene

Therefore, they don’t have the disease but can pass it on to off sping

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14
Q

A _____ shows the pattern of inheritance for a particular condition

A

Pedigree

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15
Q

Cystic fibrosis: Define, causes

A

Lethal generic disorder which thickens mucus in the Lungs and Pancreas;

The thick mucus in the Pancreas stops digestive enzymes from being released

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16
Q

What physiologically causes the symptoms of cystic fibrosis

Why does this cause the symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis

A

Defective Chloride Ion Channel

When Chloride can’t pass neither can sodium, hence water can’t follow, causing the mucus to be thick

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17
Q

Is cystic fibrosis autosomal Recessive or Dominate

A

Recessive

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18
Q

Phenylketonuria: Define

What do these people lack and what is the effect of this

A

Autosomal Recessive metabolic disorder affecting nervous system development

Lacking enzyme needed to metabolize amino acids phenylalanine

Causes sever brain and nervous system problems

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19
Q

3 autosomal dominate disorders

A

Osteogenisis imperfecta

Huntington’s disease

Hereditary Sperocytosis

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20
Q

Define Huntington’s Disease:

How is it contracted

What happens to the body during this

A

Autosomal Dominate Disorder

Neurological Disorder leading to the progressive degeneration of brain cells

The cause of the degeneration of brain cells is: Mutation on chromosome 4 which causes large clumps of Glutamines to form inside of neurons, Attracting other proteins as well

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21
Q

What is Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

Autosomal Dominate genetic blood disorder that causes Red Blood Cells to become Spherical rather than disc shapped. Causing them to rupture easier

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22
Q

Inheritance pattern in which both alleles of a gene are equally expressed in a hetrozygote

A

Codominamce

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23
Q

Incomplete Dominance

Example

How does it differ from the blending theory of inheritance

A

Inheritance pattern in which offspring has an intermediate phenotype

Red flowers and white flowers = Pink flowers

Because the offspring still has the original alleles which will be expressed in future generations

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24
Q

Dominate alleles that are not always or partially expressed

A

Incomplete Penetrance

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25
Q

Inheritance pattern in which one gene affects many phenotypic characteristics of the individual

A

Pleiotropy

26
Q

Pattern of genetic inheritance where 2 or more genes interact to control a phenotype.

Associated with the metabolic pathway

A

Epistatic interaction

27
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which a trait is controlled by several alliels

A

Polygenic inheritance

28
Q

Occurs when a trait is governed by 2 or more sets of allels

A

Polygenic Inheritance

29
Q

Genetic traits that are under the influence of both the environment and multiple genes (polygenes)

Give human examples

A

Multifactorial traits

Cleft lip/ palate some cancers

30
Q

Possessing only 1 allele for a gene in a diploid organism

Give an example of when this occurs

A

Hemizygous

males are hemizygous for genes on the X chromosome

31
Q

Explain how a trait may be both polygenic and multifactorial

A

Multifactorial traits are controlled by polygenes that are subject to environmental influences

32
Q

A heterozygous plant and another heterozygous plant crossing is called

A

Monohybrid cross

33
Q

Individuals have 2 factors for each trait (the genotype) and the factors segregate with equal probability into the gamates.

This is the basic description of…

A

Law of Segregation

34
Q

Members of 1 pair of factors separate independently of those of another pair. Therefore, all possible combinations of parental factors can occur in the gamates

A

Law of independent assortment

35
Q

An individual must possess 2 copies of the recessive allele to express the trait

A

Autosomal Recessive

36
Q

Individuals who are Hetrozygous for an autosomal Recessive disease are called…

A

Carriers

37
Q

Marfan syndrome and sickle cell disease are examples of…

A

Pleiotrophy

38
Q

Skin color and eye color are examples of…

A

Polygenic traits

39
Q

These are 2 or more genes that determine if a phenotype will be expressed

A gene for total baldness is ______ to the gene for hair color

The gene for hair color is ______ to the gene for baldness

A

Epistatic genes

Epistatic

Hypostatic

40
Q

Example of Codominance

A

Type AB blood, when both dominate alleles are expressed equally

41
Q

Give examples of polygenic genes

A

Hair and skin color

42
Q

What is the difference between polygenic and epistatic

A

Polygenic is several genes working together to produce a phenotype

Epistatic is when one gene affects the phenotype of another gene

43
Q

Compare and contrast incomplete penetrance and incomplete Dominance

A

Incomplete penetrance is when an individual with a genotype doesn’t express this in the phenotype

Incomplete Dominance is when the dominant allele mixes its phenotype with the recessive allele

44
Q

The ______ the penetrance the less likely you are to express it

A

Less

45
Q

A monohybrid cross will produce which ratio

A

3:1

46
Q

What will happen to the recessive trait in a monohybrid cross in the F¹ generation in the Phenotype

What will happen in the F²

A

F¹ will be hidden from the phenotype

F² will be seen in as a 3:1 in the phenotype

47
Q

Which Mendelian law is expressed in a monohybrid cross?

A

Law of Segregation

48
Q

What is the product rule and how does it apply to Punnet squares?

A

We have to multiple the chances of independent events to recieve an awnser

Exp. When a parent contributes an Allele it has a 1/2 chance of contributing each of 2 alleles

AA = 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4

      Or

Aa = 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4

49
Q

Is the product rule used for Genotypes or Phenotypes

A

Genotypes

50
Q

How do we calculate the results for Phenotypes?

A

The Sum Rule (Addition)

51
Q

Probabilidad

Exp. #1

AA = 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4 What is this rule and what is it determining

Exp. #2.

AA = 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4
Aa = 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4
aA = 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4
aa = 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4

1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 3/4

A

Product rule and Genotype

Sum rule and Penotype

52
Q

What are the probability results for a Mono and Dihybrid cross

A

3: 1
9: 3:3:1

53
Q

What is the crosstest ratio for a hetrozygous and homozygous recessive, WHY?

Why does cross test use homozygous recessive and not dominate

A

1:1, because the dominant will be expressed when given and so will be recessive and combined with a recessive

If a homozygous dominant was used: you wouldn’t know if the test subject was hetro or homozygous. Due to all the phenotype being dominant

54
Q

What is the expected phenotype ratio for a 2 trait cross test Hetrozygous LlGg and recessive llgg

A

1:1:1:1

55
Q

What is an autosome

A

Any chromosomes other than an X or a Y

A somatic/ body chromosome

56
Q

What does A_ mean on a pedigree

A

One genotype is unknown

57
Q

This law states that in Meiosis allels get put into gamates evenly. One allele for each trait for each gamate

A

Segregation

58
Q

When many genes control 1 trait

A

Polygenic

59
Q

When 1 gene controls many traits

A

Pleiotropic

60
Q

This type of gene expression is characterized by an intermediate phenotype.

Red + White snapdragons = Pink

A

Incomplete Dominance

61
Q

When both of the dominate genotypes are expressed. As in blood types

A

Co Dominance

Biology (27 decks)

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