Cellular Respiración Flashcards
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Steps in order of cellular respiración (5)
Glycolysis, intermediate step, Krebs / Citric Acid cycle, Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis
What is the net yield of Glycolysis
2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Which step in cellular respiración doesn’t require oxygen?
Glycolysis
Describe the various components of the formula: C6H12O6 + O6 —-> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
Glucose + 6 oxygens Makes 6 Carbon dioxide + 6 Waters + ATP
Describe the intermediate Step in Cellular respiración
Where does it take place?
What are the outputs
Pyruvates are transported to the Mitochondrial Matrix where they are converted to Acetyl CoA
Out puts: Co2 & 2 NADH
Where does the Krebs / Citric Acid cycle take place?
Does it need oxygen?
Inputs & Outputs
Mitochondrial Matrix
Yes
Acetyl CoA
2ATP, 6NADH , 2FADH ²
Electron Transport Chain
Where:
Describe basic process
Mitochondrial membrane
Electrons transfered from Coenzymes create a proton gradient
Chemiosmosis
Describe basis
Protons travel down the chemical gradient to produce ATP
Fluid area in the mitochondria
Matrix
The folds inside of the mitochondria
Cristea
Name coenzymes used in cell resp.
NAD+ & FAD
4 phases of cell respiración
Glycolysis, Prep Reaction, Citric Acid cycle, ETC
Which phase of cell respiration can be Anaerobic
Glycolysis
The break down if glucose to 2 pyruvates
Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis occur
Cytoplasm
What is the step between glycolysis and citric acid cycle
Prep reaction
During the phase both molecules of pyruvates are oxidez and enter the matrix if the mitochondria
Prep reaction
2 Co2 are relased during this cycle and NADH is formed
Prep Reaction
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
Matrix if mitochondria
NADH & FADH² are formed during this phase
Citric Acid cycle
How many carbons are released during the Citric Acid Cycle
4
ATP produced from Citric Acid cycle
2
A series of carriers in the cristae of the mitochondria
ETC
Where does the ETC get the electrons
NADH FADH²
ETC passes electrons from ____ to _____ emergy states
High to low
ETC produces how many ATP
32 - 34
ATP in the ETC is formed by which process
Chemiosmosis
Glycolysis takes glycose and transforms it to
Pyruvate
Glycolysis input
2 ATPs
2 NAD+
How are ATP produced in Glycolysis, name of the process
Substrate-level phosphorlyation
Output of Glycolysis
4 ATP (Net 2 )
2 NADH
Where does Anaerobic Respiration take place?
Cytoplasm
Oxidation is the ____ of electrons and reduction is the ____ of electrons
Loss / Gain
NAD+ is called a redox enzyme because it:
Can both accept (oxidize) and give (reduce) electrons to an element.
What is NADH the result of?
NAD+ Accepting 2 electrons and a Hydrogen ion
What is the job of FAD?
Similar to NAD+ it can oxidize and reduce a metabolite.
When FAD accepts 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen ions (H+) it becomes
FADH ²
Explain fermentation role in NAD+ regeneration
During fermentation, the NADH produced in Glycolysis is oxidized to NAD+ as pyruvate is reduced to lactate
2 forms of fermentation and their products
Animals and Bacteria produce Lactate from Pyruvates.
Plants or Yeast alcohol is produced from Pyruvates
Advantages and disadvantages of Fermentation
Advantage:
Production of certain foods, alcohol, and industrial chemicals.
Source of rapid burst of energy with lack of oxygen
Disadvantages:
Low ATP yield
Why is it called the preparatory cycle?
It prepares the pyruvates from glycolysis to enter the Kerbs cycle.
In the prepatory reaction C3 pyruvate is converted into what?
What is given off?
C2 acetyl group
Co2
In the reaction from C3 pyruvate to C2 Acetyl Group _____ are removed from the pyruvate by ____ and _____ is formed
What kind of a reaction is this?
Electrons, NAD+ , NADH
Oxidation
What is the C2 Acetyl Group combined with to carry it to the _______ _______?
C2 is combined with CoA
Mitochondrial Matrix
Where do the NADH carry electrons?
ETC
At the start of the Citric Acid cycle the C2 acetyl group carried by _____ joins with C4 and a C6 _____ molecule results
CoA / Citrate
What happens in substrate level ATP synthesis
An enzyme passes phosphate to ADP forming ATP
During cellular respiration how many Co2 are produced
From which cycles and how many
Why is this number of Carbon dioxide produces
6
2 during Prep Reaction, 4 during Citric Acid cycle
Reason: Glucose has 6 carbons which are broken down
Which Electron Carriers are produced in the Citric Acid Cycle?
From which Coenzymes do they come from?
NADH & FADH²
NAD+ & FAD
During the prepatory reaction, a 3 carbon molecule called ______ is converted in to ________
Pyruvate/ acetyl-CoA
Inputs of fermentation
Glucose, 2 Phosphate Groups, 2 ADP
Is glucose Oxidized OR Reduced during cellular respiration?
Oxidized
End products in prep reaction
Co² & acetyl CoA
Which carriers bring electrons ETC?
NADH & FADH²
The final electron carrier at the end of ETC is :
Oxygen
Are NADH & FADH² inputs to the Citric Acid Cycle
No they are outputs
NAD & FAD are inputs
Outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH², 4CO²
Inputs to Glycolysis
Glucose, ADP, NAD+
Products of Glycolysis
Pyruvate, NADH, ATP
During which phases of cellular respiration is Co2 produced
Citric acid cycle & Prep Reaction
Does Glycolysis require Oxygen
No
What is Pyruvate converted to in the Prep Reaction
2-carbon acetyl group
The 2 carbon acetyl group attaches to _____ to form ______ in the prep cycle
Coenzyme A / Acetyl CoA
When is the 1st time we produce Carbon Dioxide in Cell Respiration
Prep Reaction
4 carbon molecule that binds to the 2-Carbon acetyl group
Oxaloacetate
In Citric acid cycel ATP is formed by ( which kind of synthesis)
Substrate level phosphorylation
Products from the Kerbs cycle, per glucose molecule
4 Co2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH²
Name of the Process through which the ETC creates ATP
Oxidative phosphorlation aka chemiosmosis
Every NADH creates ___ ATP
3
FADH² creates ____ ATP in the ETC
2
Development requires 3 interconnected processes.
Growth, Cellular Differentiation, Morphogenesis
Produces the shape and form of the body
Morphogenesis
