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Biology > DNA technology > Flashcards

DNA technology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Contains DNA from 2 or more sources

A

Recombinant DNA

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2
Q

Requirements for recombinant DNA (rDAN)

A

Vector ( introduces disease)

Plasmids (small accessory rings of DNA from bacteria)

2 enzymes

Restriction enzyme ( Cleaves DNA)

DNA ligase

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3
Q

Copies a targeted sequence of DNA

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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4
Q

Which DNA technology is used for paternity suits, rape cases, corpses ID

A

PCR

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5
Q

Targeting of specific sequence of DNA for removal or replacement

A

Genome Editing

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6
Q

CRISPR clustered regularly interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

Is used for what?

A

Genome editing

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7
Q

Difference between GMO and Transgenic

A

GMO has an artificially altered genome

Transgenic organism is a GMO that has an altered genome containing a DNA sequence or gene from a different species

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8
Q

Gene can be inserted into eggs of animals via

A

Microinjection

Vortex Mixing

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9
Q

Use if transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals

A

Gene Pharming

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10
Q

Small accessory rings of DNA from bacteria

A

Plasmids

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11
Q

Process of determining order of nucleotides

A

DNA sequencing

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12
Q

Genetic engineering which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified, replaced.

A

Genome editing

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13
Q

Lab tech used to amplify DNA sequences

A

PCR

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14
Q

Process in which RNA molecules supress “Sequence Specific Gene Expression “ by double stranded RNA, through Translational or Transcriptional repression

A

RNA interference

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15
Q

A gene ______ is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA

A

Mutations

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16
Q

These changes in bases can affect ______ production, Protein Activity, or have no effect on Protein production or Activity at all

A

Protein

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17
Q

Germline mutations are those that occur in _____ cells and ______ be passed in to future generations.

A

Sex , can

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18
Q

_____ ______ include changes in 1 base of a segment of DNA

A

Point mutations

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19
Q

An example of a disorder caused by a _____ ______ is sickel-cell anemia

A

Point mutation

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20
Q

An example of a disorder caused by a _______ _______ is cystic fibrosis

A

Frame shift

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21
Q

Transcription Factors are used in Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes?

What do they do?

When do they do it?

A

Eukaryotes

Determine the amount of genes that will be transcribed into mRNA

Either by promotion or repression

During Transcription

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22
Q

This phase in Eukaryotic Gene Expression involves the control of mRNA processing and how fast mRNA leaves the nucleus

  • Better Card
A

Posttranscriptional Control

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23
Q

This part of Eukaryotic Gene Expression occurs in the cytoplasm and determines when translation will occur and for how long?

A

Translational Control

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24
Q

This part in Eukaryotic Cell Division takes place in the plasma and occurs only after protein synthesis

A

Posttranslational Control

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25
Q

Simply put what is a barr body and where is it located.

A

Shriveled Inactive X chromosome in all somatic female cells.

26
Q

Which process involves the creation of barr bodies.

Why do barr bodies exist?

A

X-inactivation

To equalize the number of X chromosome expression between Males and Females (XY determination of sex)

27
Q

How are X chromosomes selected for conversion into barr bodies.

A

Counting the XIC (X-Inactivation Center)

One is Randomly chose

(This doesn’t make sense)

28
Q

Proteins that help regulate transcription by assisting the binding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter

A

Transcription Factors

29
Q

Even if all transcription factors are present, transcription may not begin without the assistance of a DNA binding protein calles a _______ _________

A

Transcription Activator

30
Q

Transcription of DNA may lead to _____ _______ ___ also called dsRNA

A

Looped or double stranded

31
Q

The cleavage of dsRNA produces many _____ ______ also called sRNA

A

Small RNA

32
Q

A sRNA can double back to increase DNA compaction, or it may become ______ or _______

A

miRNA or siRNA

33
Q

________ reduces translation by binding to complementary mRNA molecules

A

miRNA

34
Q

______ forms a complex with RISC, which then degrades any mRNA with a sequence of bases that are complementary to the siRNA

A

siRNA

35
Q

siRNA is also known as…

A

Small-Interfering RNAs

36
Q

RISC stands for…

What do they do?

How do they do it?

A

RNA Induced Silencing Complex

Join with siRNA to form an active silencing complex.

37
Q

What is miRNA?

A

microRNA small snippets of RNA that can bind to and disable the translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm.

38
Q

A cellular process that utilizes miRNA and siRNA molecules to reduce or inhibit the expression of specific genes

A

RNA interference

39
Q

When does RNA interference occur where?

A

After transcription

40
Q

Proteins sticking to eachother that may form a neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimers, Parkinson, and mad cow disease

A

Aggregates

41
Q

How long a cell remains active in a cell is regulated by this enzyme

A

Protease

42
Q

Where are Proteases typically confined?

A

Lysosomes or Proteasomes

43
Q

How do Proteasomes regulate gene expression

A

Control the amount of protein product in the cytoplasm.

Break down protein into amino acids to be used again.

44
Q

In which type of regulation are small RNA and Proteasomes found in?

A

siRNA= Post Transcriptional Regulation

Proteasomes = Post Translation Regulation

45
Q

Germ-line mutations are those found in which type of cells

A

Sex cells

46
Q

Induced mutations are caused by

A

Mutagens

47
Q

DNA repair enzyme

A

Restore the original base sequence in an altered DNA strand

48
Q

Proteome

A

Entire collection of a species proteins

49
Q

Study of structure, function, and interaction of cellular proteins

A

Proteomics

50
Q

2 methods for making copies of DNA?

A

Recombinant DNA

Polymerase chain reaction

51
Q

Analysis of DNA segments is called?

A

Gel electrophoresis

52
Q

DNA fingerprinting can be accomplished by taking advantage of ____________ sequences present in the genome of all organisms

A

Short Tandem Repeat

53
Q

About 50% of the DNA consists of this type of DNA elements

A

Repetive DNA

54
Q

Mobile DNA sequences are called:

A

Transposons

55
Q

Aims to understand the function of protein-coding regions and noncoding regions of our genome

A

Functional genomics

56
Q

_______ can be used to create an individuals genetic profile?

A

DNA microarrays

57
Q

The use of computers to analyze large amounts of genetic data

A

Bioinformatics

58
Q

Define: Extant

A

Still living species

59
Q

Belief, supported by James Hutton, that geological forces act at a continuous, uniform rate

A

Uniformitarianism

60
Q

Put forth by Cuvier, proposed changes in the types of fossils in strata are explained by local mass extinction followed by new species repopulating the area

A

Catastrophism

61
Q

Time line of Evolution’s creators

1707-1778
1731-1802
1769- 1832
1744-1829
1797-1875
1859
A 
Linnaeus (classification)
Erasmus Darwin (First theory of Evolution)
Cuvier (Catastrophism)
Lamarck (acquired characteristics 
Luella (uniformitarianism)
Chales Darwin (on orgin of species)

Biology (27 decks)

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