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Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Does mitosis produce identical cells

A

Yes

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2
Q

Cytokinesis: Define

A

Division of the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Mitotic stage includes

A

Mitosis

Cytokenesis

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4
Q

When does DNA replicate which phase

A

S

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5
Q

Which protien is DNA associated with

A

Histones

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6
Q

DNA and histones are collectively called

A

Chromatin

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7
Q

Histones are responsible for:

A

Condensing the DNA inside the cell

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8
Q

DNA wound around a histone is called and has a bead like appearance

A

Nucleosome

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9
Q

What is the inactive form of DNA

A

HetroChromatin

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10
Q

Do all species have the same number of chromosomes

A

No

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

46

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12
Q

This includes 2 sets of chromosomes abbreviated as 2n

A

Diploid

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13
Q

How many different types of chromosomes do humans have

A

23

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14
Q

Gametes are:

A

Sex cells / haploid

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15
Q

How many total chromosomes do haploid have

A

23

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16
Q

During this phase the cell prepares for divison

A

Interphase

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17
Q

Sister chromatids attached at the centromere happens at the end of this phase

A

S Phase

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18
Q

Chromatids are held together where

To form what?

A

Centromere

Chromosome

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19
Q

Centrosomes are composed of

A

2 Centrioles

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20
Q

What organises mitotic spindle

A

Centrosomes

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21
Q

Prophase

A

Gets nucleus ready to divide

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22
Q

When does chromatin condense

A

Prophase

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23
Q

When does the nucleous disappear

A

Prophase

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24
Q

True or false: in Prophase Spindles begin to assemble

A

True

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25
Q

In animal cells, microtubuled form star-like arrays termed

A

Asters

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26
Q

Which phase are the chromosomes pulled around by kinetochore fibers

A

Metaphase

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27
Q

What is the metaphase plane?

A

The plane through which the mother cell wil divide

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28
Q

Centromere dissolves, releasing sister chromatids. In this phase

A

Anaphase

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29
Q

When do sister chromatids separate?

A

Anaphase

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30
Q

Sister chromatids which have been pulled apart are called?

A

Daughter chromosomes

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31
Q

When are daughter chromosomes pulled apart, which phase?

A

Anaphase

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32
Q

The spindle disappears in this phase

A

Telophase

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33
Q

_____ ______ forms around daughter chromosomes in telophase

A

Nuclear envelope

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34
Q

Division of the cytoplasm requires ______

A

Cytokinesis

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35
Q

Define cell cycle

A

An ordered sequence if events that involve cell growth and nuclear division

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35
Q

Define cell cycle

A

An ordered sequence if events that involve cell growth and nuclear division

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36
Q

Name the stages of the cell cycle

A

G¹, S, G² and M

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37
Q

The cell cycle is ordered stages that take place between the time the cell _____ and the time the resulting ______ _______ also divide

A

Divide / Daughter Cells

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38
Q

What are the stages of interphase

A

G¹, S, G², M

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39
Q

What are the stages of the mitotic phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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40
Q

Cells spend most of their time in which phase?

A

Interphase

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41
Q

When are the check points in Mitosis

What are they looking for

What will happen if they don’t pass the check points

A

G¹,G², and M

If DNA is Damaged, Replicated Correctly, If chromosomes are not properly aligned

Apoptosis

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42
Q

What happens in G¹ phase?

A

Cells grow, multiply mitochondria and ribosomes, and carry out normal cellular functions

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43
Q

What are normal cellular functions (3)

A

Communication, secreting substances, and cellular respiration

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44
Q

What does interphase consist of?

A

G¹,S,G²

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45
Q

Cells that don’t complete the cell cycle enter which phase after interphase?

Give an example of these cells

A

G⁰

Muscle and nerve cells

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46
Q

What happens during S phase

A

DNA synthesis

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47
Q

Chromatid Define:

What do Chromatids make

A

A single double helix of DNA

Identical Sister Chromatids

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48
Q

Sister Chromatids: Define

What are they the result of

Where are they attached

A

One of two identical chromosomal units

Mitotic DNA replication

Centromere

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49
Q

During this phase the cell makes protiens that form microtubules

A

G²

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50
Q

What is the function of Microtubules

Which phase are these used in

A

They form the Mitotic Spindles

used in M phase

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51
Q

Enzymes for mitosis are produced during this phase

A

G²

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52
Q

This is the stage in which nuclear division occurs.

A

Mitosis

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53
Q

The process in which a parent nucleus produces 2 daughter nuceli

A

Nuclear division

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54
Q

During mitosis chromosomes are distributed by _____ _____ to two daughter nuclei

A

Mitotic Spindles

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55
Q

A hormone or chemical, secreted by one cell that may stimulate or inhibit the growth of another cell or cells.

A

Growth Factor

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56
Q

Protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses, combines and actives Kinases that promote the events of the cell cycle

A

Cyclin

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57
Q

Growth signals that promote cell division cause ______ ______ ______ to add a phosphate group to the ____ _____ protein, a major regulator in G¹ checkpoint

A

Cyclin-dependant-kinase

RB protein

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58
Q

To continue with cell division in G¹ _______ binds to __ __ protein and _____ is released and it binds to the DNA.

A

Phosphate / RB / E2F

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59
Q

This protein is involved in the Quality Control of DNA

A

P53

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60
Q

Contributing factors in cell cycle regulation (3)

A

Growth factors, size of cell, nutritional state of cell

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61
Q

Type of division for somatic cells

A

Mitosis

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62
Q

Nucleosomes are joined together by ____ ______

A

Linker DNA

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63
Q

Euchromatin

A

Chromatin with a lower level of compaction therefore accessible for transcription

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64
Q

Which type of chromatin is active

Which is not

A

Euchromatin

Hetrochromatin

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65
Q

Liat the stages of chromosomes compacting starting with a single strand of DNA

A

Single DNA strand wraps around a histone

3D zig zagging structures with binding proteins are formed

Radial loops are formed as coiling occurs

Radial loops compact to hetrochromatin

Metaphase chromosome forms

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66
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm

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67
Q

Gamete cells are aka as

A

Haploid cells

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68
Q

Kinetochore

A

Assembly protein that attaches to the centromere

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69
Q

Centriole

Where does it exist

A

Cell structure helps organize mitotic spindles for chromosome movement during animal cell division

Centrosome

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70
Q

What is the mitotic spindle constructed of

A

Microtubules

71
Q

Half the diploid number is called

A

Haploid

72
Q

The main Microtubule organization center in the cell

A

Centrosome

73
Q

The centrosome contains two _____

A

Centrioles

74
Q

Microtubules are hollow cylinders made up of the protein ….

A

Tubulin

75
Q

During this phase of mitosis the nuclear envelope breaks down and the nucleus disappears.

Spindles begin to assemble as the two centrosomes move away from eachother

A

Prophase

76
Q

During this phase Kinetochores appear on each end of the centromere. Attaching sister chromatids to the kinetochore spindle fibers

Even though the chromosomes are are attached to spindle fibers they are not in alignment

A

Prometaphase

77
Q

In this phase the centrosomes of the chromosomes are in alignment

What is the name of the location of the alignment

A

Metaphase

Metaphase Plate

78
Q

At the start of _______ the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate at the centromere, giving rise to ___ ______ _______

A

Anaphase/ Two daughter Chromosomes

79
Q

Which is the shortest phase in Mitosis

A

Anaphase

80
Q

Name the microtubual proteins involved in the sliding process of Anaphase

A

Motor molecules Kinesin & Dynein

81
Q

During this phase the spindles disappear and the nuclear envelope forms around the daughter chromosomes

A

Telophase

82
Q

In which phase does Cytokinesis start in animal cells.

What is the name of the event that happens

A

Anaphase (near the end)

Cleavage furrow

83
Q

What is the cell plate

A

Structure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of the new plasma membrane and cell wall

84
Q

Characteristics of cancer cells

A

Lack Differentiation ( do not specialize)

Abnormal Nuclei, ie extra chromosomes

Do not under go apoptosis

Form tumors

Undergo metasis

85
Q

Define metasis

A

Spread of cancer from one area to another

86
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

87
Q

Which types of genes are affected by cancer

A

Proto-oncogenes

Tumor suppressor genes

88
Q

What are Proto-oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor genes

A

Proto-oncogenes Code for proteins and prevent apoptosis ( Gas Pedal )

Tumor- Suppressor genes: Code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promotes apoptosis ( Breaks )

89
Q

Difference between maligrnant and benign tumors

A

Malignant tumors enter cell circulation and lodge in other tissues

Benign stay put

90
Q

Compare and contrast effect on the cell cycle of a mutation in a Proto-oncogenes and a mutation in a tumor Suppressor gene

A

Cell commits to cell division even in the absence of proper stimulus

Cell fails to stop dividing because the proper stimulus to stop are absent.

91
Q

Define Centrosomes

A

an organelle near the nucleus of a cell which contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.

92
Q

Define Centrosomes

A

an organelle near the nucleus of a cell which contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.

93
Q

RB protiens

Definition

Function

A

Rb protein is atumor suppressor, which plays a pivotal role in the negative control of the cell cycle and in tumor progression. It has been shown that Rb protein (pRb) is responsible for a major G1 checkpoint, blockingS-phaseentry and cell growth.

94
Q

Asexual Reproduction Produces

A

Genetically identical offspring

95
Q

Where is the DNA found in prokaryotic cells

A

Nucleoid

96
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce

A

Binanry Fission

97
Q

What does Fission mean

A

Division

98
Q

What distributes the daughter chromosomes to the daughter nuclei

A

Mitotic Spindle

99
Q

*The cell cycle of a eukaryotic cell included

A

Interphase & Mitotic Phase ( mitosis and cytokinesis)

100
Q

Meiosis reduces the number if chromosomes from ____ to ______

A

Diploid to haploid

101
Q

Meiosis produces which type of cell associated with sexual reproduction

A

Gametes

102
Q

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gamates, a fertilized ovum

A

Zygote

103
Q

2 pieces of DNA in a Diploid organism which carry the same genes, one from each parental source

A

Homologous Chromosomes

104
Q

A variation of a gene is called

A

Allele

105
Q

What is a picture of chromosomes called

A

Karyotype

106
Q

Mitosis requires ___ cell divisions and results in ___ daughter cells

A

2 / 4

107
Q

During meiosis 1, a _____ _______ forms, allowing the homologoues to undergo ______, resulting in a ______

A

Synaptonemal complex / synapsis / blvalent

108
Q

During metaphase I, bivalents are held together by…

A

Chiasmata

109
Q

During _____ the sister chromatids separate becoming daughter chromosomes

A

Anaphase II

110
Q

At the end of telophase II there are this many cells _____

A

4 haploid cells

111
Q

Describe the difference between the chromosomal combination of a cell at metaphase I & II

A

Metaphase I homologous chromosomes pairs align at the Metaphase plate

Metaphase II Single chromosomes align at tye Metaphase Plate

112
Q

This process is defined as reductive division

A

Meiosis

113
Q

This process requires 2 nuclear divisions

A

Meiosis

114
Q

What do mitosis and meiosis produce

A

2 identical cells / 4 different cells

115
Q

What occurs in prophase I

A

Synapsis and crossing over

116
Q

Homologoues align independently in this phase

A

Metaphase I

117
Q

Homologous chromosomes are also known as

A

Bivalents

118
Q

During the _____ stage of meiosis, bivalents independently align at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase I

119
Q

Compare Meiosis I with Mitosis

Prophase I

A

Meiosis I : pairing of homologous chromosomes

Mitosis: no pairing of chromosomes

120
Q

Compare Meiosis I with Mitosis

Metaphase

A

Meiosis I: Bivalents at metaphase plate

Mitosis: Duplicated chromosomes at metaphase plate

121
Q

Compare Meiosis I with Mitosis

Anaphase

A

Meiosis I: Homologoues of each bivalent separate & duplicated chromosomes move to poles

Mitosis: sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes moving to the poles

122
Q

Compare Meiosis I with Mitosis

Telophase

A

Meiosis I: 2 haploid daughter cells non identical

Mitosis: 2 diploid daughter cells. Identical to parent

123
Q

Is a zygote diploid or haploid

A

Diploid

124
Q

Where does oogenesis occur?

A

Ovaries

125
Q

Compare the number of gametes produced by oogenesis and spermmatogenisis

A

Oogenesis prodces 1 egg cell and 2 -3 Polar bodies

Spermatogenisis produces 4 sperm cells

126
Q

Define Nondisjunction

A

When chromosomes dont separate during mitosis/ meiosis

127
Q

Euploidy Define:

A

A condition in which the cell contains the correct number of chromosomes

128
Q

Aneuploidy define

A

Condition in which there is a wrong number of chromosomes

129
Q

Name 2 states of Aneuploidy

A

Monosomy and trisomy

130
Q

Define Monosomy and Trisomy

A

Diploid cell has 1 less chromosome

Diploid cell has 1 extra chromosome

131
Q

Primary Non Disjunction occurs when…

A

Both members of a homologous pair go into the same Daughter cell

132
Q

Secondary NonDisjunction occurs when…

A

Meiosis II sister chromatids fail to separate and both daughter chromosomes go into the same gamate

133
Q

Which has more serious effects Primary or Secondary Non Disclosure. Why?

A

Primary, no normal gamates are produced

134
Q

Which is the only trisomal condition viable beyond early childhood?

A

Trisomy 21

135
Q

In which type of cell is a mono/trisomal condition most serious?

A

Somatic

136
Q

Trisomy 21 is also known as

A

Downs syndrome

137
Q

Turners syndrome has which sex chromosomes

A

1 X also written as XO

138
Q

In klinefelters syndrome what are the sex chromosomes

A

XXY

139
Q

This sex chromosomes condition is described as: Females short, broad chest, widly nipples, neck webbing, under developed reproductive area.

A

Turners Syndrome

140
Q

The extra X chromosome in Klinfelters syndrome becomes a

A

Barr body

141
Q

This sex chromosome disease characteristics are: testies and Prostate are under developed, No facial hair, long arms and big hands

A

Klinefelters syndrome

142
Q

True or false: no matter how many X chromosomes you have the presence of a Y makes you a male.

A

True

143
Q

What are the symbols for female and male sex chromosomes

A

XX / XY

144
Q

Jacobs syndrome: what are the sex chromosomes symbols ____ is there a difference in behavior from normal people

A

XYY

No they are normal

145
Q

A translocation will result in…

A

Miscarriage or severe problems

146
Q

Down syndrome can be caused by…

A

Nondisjunction or hereditary

147
Q

Changes in chromosome structure can be detected by

A

Karyotype or study of inheritance

148
Q

Williams syndrome is which type of chromosomes problem

How are they mentally

A

Deletion

Poor academics / great verbally or musical

149
Q

Cri de chat syndrome results in ______ & _____ stemming from the missing end piece of chromosome #____

A

Small head / decreased inteligencia

5

150
Q

A translocated chromosome is what?

A

When part of a chromosome is switched from one to another

151
Q

Chronic myeloid leukemia stems from what

A

Translocation of chromosomes 22 & 9

152
Q

Why is sex chromosome Aneuploidy more common than autosome aneuploidy

A

Because only 1 x chromosome is active, any extra X chromosomes will become Barr Body

153
Q

Cytokinesis in a plant cell begins with a ….

A

Cell plate

154
Q

In flowering plants the ______ _____ retains the ability to divide throughout life

A

Meristematic tissue

155
Q

Apoptosis is caused by enzymes called ….

A

Caspases

156
Q
  • Apoptosis Diagram on test
A

Make flashcards of all cells

157
Q

2 types of stem cells

A

Embroynic & adult

158
Q

2 types of stem cell therapy, which types of stem cells do each require

A

Therapeutic Cloning: (tissue production) Adult or Embryonic

Reproductive Cloning: (New Individual) Embryonic

159
Q

Prokaryotic DNA is what shape

A

Ring

160
Q

When a gamate forms the parent cell can only give 1 of 2 possible alleles

A

Law of independent assortment

161
Q

The nuclear envelope dismantles and mitotic spindle begins to form during

A

Prophase

162
Q

In _____ the nuclear envelope begins to reappear and the mitotic spindle is disassembled as chromesomes decondense

A

Telophase

163
Q

Towards the end of mitosis, an animal cell begins to pinch in 2 when a ______ belt of ____ filaments forms

A

Contractile / actin

164
Q

Plants begin cytokinesis by assembling _____ at right angles to the mitotic spindle

A

Vesicles

165
Q

The vesicles become ______ components between the daughter cells

A

Membrane

166
Q

Vesicles fuse to form a _____ , which becomes a new plasma membrane that has divided the cell in two

A

Cell plate

167
Q

Proto-oncogenes encodes proteins that _____ cell division, mutated Proto-oncogenes become cancer causing ________

A

Stimulate/ oncogenes

168
Q

Tumor Suppressor genes encode proteins that _____ the cell cycle. Mutations to tumor Suppressor genes release the _____ on cell division

A

Inhibit/ breakes

169
Q

When gamates fuse its called a

A

Zygote

170
Q

Alternate generations in plants is…

A

1 generation is haploid the next is diploid

171
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid individual

172
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid individual

173
Q

Is moss a gametophyte or sporophyte

A

Gametophyte

174
Q

Are ferns and higher plants sporophyte or gametophyte

A

Gametophyte

Biology (27 decks)

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