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Biology > Animal Development > Flashcards

Animal Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Development begins at

A

Fertilization

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2
Q

The head of the sperm has a membrane-bound _______ filled with _______

A

Arcosome / enzymes

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3
Q

When released enzymes in the sperm digest a pathway through the _____ _______

A

Zona pellucida

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4
Q

Where does the sperm bind in the oocyte

A

Zona pellucida

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5
Q

When is fertilization complete

A

When the sperm and eggs pronucleus contribute chromesomes to the zygote

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6
Q

3 parts of sperm

A

Tail, middle piece, head

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7
Q

What is the sperms nucleus covered by?

A

Acrosome

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8
Q

The egg cell ( secondary oocyte) is surrounded by a few layers of adhering follicular cells, called the …..

A

Corona radiata

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9
Q

Function of the corona radiata

A

Nourish the oocyte when it was in a follicle of the ovary

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10
Q

The oycte has an extra cellular matrix termed _____ ______ just outside the plasma membrane, beneath the corona radiata

A

Zona pellucida

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11
Q

What happens when the first sperm binds with the oocyte

A

Upon contact the lo oocyte plasma membrane depolarizes instantly repealing sperm: “Fast Block”

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12
Q

What happens after “fast block”

A

Depolarization of the plasma membrane

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13
Q

What is “Slow Block”

A

When vesicles called Cortical Granules release enzymes to prevent sperm from entering the Zona Pellucida

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14
Q

What brings sperm into the oocyte

A

Microvilli ?

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15
Q

Once in the oocyte the sperm releases chromatin which forms chromesomes enclosed within the sperms ….

A

Pronucleus

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16
Q

After the egg and sperm form a pronucleus what happens?

A

The are surrounded by a Single Nuclear Envelope

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17
Q

Process of regulated growth and Differentiation of cells and tissues

A

Development

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18
Q

3 stages of Embryonic Development

A
  1. Cellular
  2. Tissues
  3. Organ
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19
Q

Stage of multicellular organism that develops from a zygote before it becomes fre-living;

In seed plants, the ____ is part of the seed

A

Embryo

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20
Q

Cellular stages of Embryonic Development (2)

A

Cleavage

Blastula

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21
Q

Spherical mass of cells resulting from cleavage during animal development prior to the blastula stage

A

Morula

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22
Q

The morula continues to divide, forming a _____

A

Blastula

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23
Q

The blastula is a hollow ball of cells having a fluid-filled cavity called a

A

Blastocoel

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24
Q

The _____ forms when the cells of the morula extrude Na+ into extracellular spaces, water follows due to _______, collecting in the center

A

Blastocoel / osmosis

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25
Q

Early Embryonic Development has two main events

A

Cleavage & Gastrulation

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26
Q

Once the blastocoel is formed the next phase of Embryonic Development called _________ begins

A

Gastrulation

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27
Q

This is characterized by an invagination to form cell layers of a caplike structure

A

Gastrulation

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28
Q

In early Gastrulation certain cells push or invaginate into the …..

A

Blastocoel

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29
Q

Early gastrula has 2 layers of cells the outer ____ & the inner _____

A

Ectoderm / Endoderm

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30
Q

The ectoderm gives rise to what

A

Nervous system & outer layer of integument

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31
Q

The endoderm gives rise to….

A

Lining of the digestive tract and associated structures

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32
Q

The pore or hole created by invagination is called…

A

The blastopore

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33
Q

Late 3rd layer of cells is formed in late Gastrulation is the …..

A

Mesoderm

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34
Q

What does the Mesoderm give rise to….

Which layer is it?

A

Muscle, several internal organs, connective tissue

Middle

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35
Q

What are the 3 Embryonic Germ Layers

A

Ecto, Meso, Endoderm

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36
Q

What is the result from Gastrulation:

A

3 germ layers

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37
Q

Nervous system, epidermis / derivatives, and epithelial lining of oral cavity and rectum

Come from this germ layer

A

Ectoderm

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38
Q

Musculoskeletal system, dermis, cardiovascular, urinary lymphatic, reproductive systems

Most epithelial linings

Outer layer of respiration and digestion system

Arise from this germ layer

A

Mesoderm

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39
Q

Epithelial lining of digestive tract and respiration tract

Associated glands of these systems

Epithelial lining of urinary Bladder, thyroid and parathyroid glands

Arise from this germ layer

A

Endoderm

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40
Q

Cartilage like supportive dorsal rod in all chordates at some point in their life cycle.

What is it replaced with in humans

A

Notochord

Vertebrae

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41
Q

Formed by the closure of the neural groove during development. In vertebrates this structure develops into the spinal cord and brain

A

Neural Tube

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42
Q

This region of the dorsal surface of the chordate embryo marks the future location of the neural tube

A

Neural plate

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43
Q

The _____ is a band of cells that develops where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm

A

Neural Crest

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44
Q

A primitive gut tube is formed by the….

A

Endoderm

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45
Q

Development requires 3 interconnected processes:

A

Growth, Cellular Differentiation, Morphogenesis

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46
Q

This produces the bodys shape and form

A

Morphogenesis

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47
Q

Define Totipotent:

A

A cell that has a complete genetic potential of the organism

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48
Q

Name 2 mechanics that lead to differential gene expression

A

Cytoplasmic Segregation

Induction

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49
Q

One of the substances present in the egg that influences development

A

Matenal Determinate

50
Q

______ is the distribution of of maternal determints as mitosis occurs

A

Segregation

51
Q

_____ is the ability of 1 Embryonic Tissue to influence the Development of another

A

Induction

52
Q

Cells closest to the ____ _____ become endoderm, those further way become ______ , and those furthest away become _____

A

Primary organizer, Mesoderm, Ectoderm

53
Q

_____ ______ is the process that enables Morphogenesis

A

Pattern formation

54
Q

In Pattern Formation, cells of the embryo _____ & ______

A

Divide and differentiate

55
Q

The task of ____ ______ is to divide the anterior posterior axis into broad regions

A

Gap genes

56
Q

The products of ____ _____ ______ may stimulate or supress the expression of other genes, particularly the segment-polarity gene

A

Pair Rule Gene

57
Q

This type of gene ensures each segment has boundaries

A

Segment Polarity Gene

58
Q

Homeotic genes are often referred to as ____ _____

A

Selector Genes

59
Q

What is the responsibility of Homeotic Gene

A

They dictate which body parts arise from which segment

60
Q

Give an example of homeotic transformation

A

Wings instead of antenna

61
Q

_____ ______ control pattern formation

A

Homeotic Genes

62
Q

Pattern Formation is an aspect of ________

A

Morphogenesis

63
Q

Conserved DNA-Binding region of transcription factors encoded by the homeobox of Homeotic Genes

A

Homeodomain

64
Q

Homeotic Genes code for _____ ______

A

Transcription Factors

65
Q

Proteins that bind to regulatory regions of DNA & Determine if specific genes are active or not

A

Transcription Factors

66
Q

The ________ is the DNA binding portion of the transcription factor

A

Homeodomain

67
Q

Mutations in a different HOX gene cause _________, a rare condition in which there are extra fingers and toes

A

Synpolydactyly

68
Q

Define Morphogen

A

Protiens that diffuse away from the areas of high concentration in the embryo; forming gradients that influence patterns of tissues

69
Q

Cytoplasmic segregation is responsible for

A

Polarity: assigning a head assigning a head and a tail / a top or a bottom to the cell

70
Q

Define Gastrula

A

an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells.

71
Q

Define pattern formation

A

the developmental process by which cells acquire different identities, depending on their relative spatial positions within the embryo. Pattern formation ensures that tissues and organs develop in the correct place and orientation within the body.

72
Q

What is pattern formation?

A

the developmental process by which cells acquire different identities, depending on their relative spatial positions within the embryo.

73
Q

What is fertilization and Implantation in the endometrium called

A

Conception

74
Q

What is Parturition

A

Giving birth

75
Q

How long is Embryonic Development

How long is fetal Development

A

1 - 2 months

3 - 9 months

76
Q

When are the major organs formed

A

Embryonic Development

77
Q

What is the chorion

A

Contributes to the placenta in mammals

78
Q

What is the Amnion

A

Forms a fluid filled sac of amniotic fluid

79
Q

What is the Allantois

A

Contributes to the umbilical blood vessels in mammals, collects nitrogen waste

80
Q

What is the yolk sac

A

First site for blood cell formation

81
Q

What is the placenta

A

An organ that provided nourishment & oxygen / takes it away

82
Q

The blood vessels of the _______ Accumlate the small amount of urine produced

A

Allantois

83
Q

How long after fertilization is Clevage?

Morula?

Blastual

A

30 hrs

3 days

5th day

84
Q

Where does the embryo implant itself

A

Uterine lining

85
Q

The single layer of outer cells to a blastcyst is called the ….

A

Trophoblast

86
Q

Early function of the Trophoblast is ….

A

Nourishment

87
Q

The embedding of an embryo at the blastocyst stage into the endometrium is called

A

Implantation

88
Q

About when does Gastrulation occur?

A

2nd week

89
Q

Inner cell mass flattens out to become…

Name it’s first 2 layers

A

Embryonic Disk

Ecto and Endo Derm

90
Q

The embryonic Disk elongate to become ______ ______ & the third layer called the ______ forms.

A

Primitive Steak / Mesoderm

91
Q

Umbilical Cord Transports waste material to the

A

Placenta

92
Q

List events at the 3 stages of birth

A
  1. Cervix dilates and Amnion burst out
  2. Born & umbilical cord cut
  3. Placenta Delivered
93
Q

What are telomeres and what do they do?

how do they affect aging.

A

Telomeres are the DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes.

They protect the chromosomes from deterioration

Most cells can only divide a limited number of times.

But the enzyme telomerase allows the telomeres to regrow, allowing them to divide more

94
Q

How do stem cells and cancer divide forever?

A

The enzyme telomerase lengthens the telomere allow for more division

95
Q

2 types of cellular damage

A

Accumulation of harmful DNA

Cross linking of proteins such as collagen

96
Q

How does aging affect the integumentry system?

A

Skin is thinner and less elastic due to collagen fibers cross linking with eachother

97
Q

How does aging affect the cardiovascular system

A

Atherosclerosis

Weaking of heart muscle

Maximum heart rate decreases

98
Q

How does aging affect the immune system

A

Less T cells due to the Thymus involuting

B cells response also declines due to the lack of T cells

99
Q

How does aging affect the Reproductive system

Males and females

A

Males: Lower Testosterone

Females: Menopause

100
Q

During menopause the Ovaries become unresponsive to _______ _______ produced by the anterior pituitary

A

Gonadotropin hormones

101
Q

What happens to the Ovaries when they are unresponsive to Gonadotropin hormones

A

They no longer secret estrogen or progesterone

102
Q

How does involution of the thymus lead to decreased response to vaccines in older people

A

Less T cells are produced, the T cells is needed to stimulate the B cells ( which produces Antibodies)

103
Q

Define Menopause and explain why it happens

A

Menopause is when the Ovarian and Uterine cycle stop. This is due to the Ovaries becoming unresponsive to Gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary.

Thus estrogen and progesterone secretion stops

104
Q

2 hypothesis of aging and examples of each

A

Preprogrammed Theory suggest aging is partly geneticly programmed; Single gene mutations

Damage accumulation theories suggest aging is due to cellular Damage of Free radicals, Cross Linking, and DNA mutations

105
Q

During the Morula and Blastula stages the organism is referred to as a(n)

A

Embryo

106
Q

Invagination of cells into the blastocoel is called

A

Gastrulation

107
Q

What controls pattern formation

A

Homeotic Genes

108
Q

Homeotic Genes all contain ….

A

A homeobox

109
Q

What is a homeobox

A

A shared nucleotide sequence that codes for a sequence of 60 amino acids called a homeodomain

110
Q

A shared nucleotide sequence of 60 amino acids is called a

A

Homeodomain

111
Q

The portion of the protein that binds to DNA

A

Homeodomain

112
Q

The morula becomes the ______ before implanting in the _____ of the uterus

A

Blastocyst / endometrium

113
Q

The morula becomes the ______ before implanting in the _____ of the uterus

A

Blastocyst / endometrium

114
Q

The ______ of the blastocyst is the first sign of the chorion

A

Trophoblast

115
Q

After Implantation the trophoblast secrets ______ which maintains the corpus luteum and is also the basis of pregnancy testing

A

HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

116
Q

How does the fetus recieve nutrients from the mother

Name the feature of the organ that aids in this

A

Exchanges between the blood

Facilitated by Chorionic Villi

117
Q

What 2 features form the Umbilical Cord

A

Yolk Sac and Allantois

118
Q

Organ development begins with the _____ and the formation of the ______

A

Neural tube/ Heart

119
Q

Insertion a needle into amniotic fuild to check for birth defects

A

Amniocentesis

120
Q

Chorioni villi sample allows…

A

The embryo to be tested for anomalies

Biology (27 decks)

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