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Biology > Regulation of Gene Expression > Flashcards

Regulation of Gene Expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Group of structural and regulating genes that function as a single unit

A

Operon

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2
Q

Gene that codes for the amino acid sequence of a peptide or protein

A

Structural Gene

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3
Q

4 parts of the operon

A

Regulator Genes

Promoer

Operator

Structural Genes

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4
Q

Normally located outside the operon, this codes for a DNA-BINDING protein that acts as a repressor

A

Regulator gene

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5
Q

Signals the start of the operon and location where transcription begins

A

Promoter

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6
Q

In an operon, Protein molecule that binds to an operator, preventing transcription of structural genes.

A

Repressor

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7
Q

Short portion of DNA located before the structural genes

A

Operator

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8
Q

These genes code for the Enzymes and Proteins involved in the metabolic pathway of the operon

A

Structural Genes

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9
Q

How are trp operons regulated

A

When tryptophan is present in the system it binds to a repressor allowing it to attach to the operon

Stopping the production of more tryptophan

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10
Q

Are operons in Pro or Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes

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11
Q

Are operons in Pro or Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes

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12
Q

If lactose is present how does this affect the lac operon function?

A

Lactose binds to the repressor stopping it from binding with the operator

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13
Q

Molecule that brings about activity of an operon by joining with a repressor and preventing it from binding to the operator

A

Inducer

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14
Q

Lactose is what to the lac operon?

What does it do?

A

Inducer

Lactose prevents the repressor from binding to the operator allowing for RNA polymerase to bind to the operator allowing for transcription to occur

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15
Q

Which type of pathways are Inducible operons found in?

A

Catabolic Pathways

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16
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

One that breaks down a substance

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17
Q

What is the difference between the role of the promoter and the operator in an operon?

A

Promoter is the location of transcription initiation

The operator is a segment of DNA that regulates whether the structural genes will be transcribed

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18
Q

How does Gene expression differ in an inducible operon vs a repressive operon?

A

Repressive openron is normally on and turned off by the action of a repressor

Inducible operon us normally off and is turned on by an environmental condition

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19
Q

Describe the difference between positive control and negative control of gene expression

A

Positive control is transcribed when it is regulated by a protein that is an activator Not a repressor

Negative control is not transcribed when it is regulated by a protein that is a repressor

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20
Q

Which operon of trp/ lac is catabolic / anabolic

A

trp operon is anabolic ( it builds tryptophan)

lac operon is catabolic (metabolizes lactose)

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21
Q

5 primary levels of control for gene expression of eukaryotes

A

Chromatin structure

Transcriptional control

Posttranscriptional control

Translational control

Posttranslational control

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22
Q

Chromatin packing is used as a way to keep genes….

A

Turned off

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23
Q

Why does chromatid packing affect gene expression

A

RNA polymerase cannot access the genes

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24
Q

Chromatin structure is one example of epigenetic inheritance, what is epigenetic inheritance?

A

Inheritance doesn’t only come from DNA

But also from parents experiences

Parental experiences can be passed to offspring in the form of epigenetic tags

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25
Q

The degree to which a gene is transcribed into mRNA determins the amount of gene product

In the nucleus, transcription factors may _____ or _____ transcription, the first step in gene expression.

A

Transcriptional control

Promote / Supress

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26
Q

Involves mRNA processing and how fast mRNA leaves the nucleus

A

Posttranscriptional control

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27
Q

Occurs in the cytoplasm and affects when translation begins and how long it continues

A

Translational Control

28
Q

Takes place in the cytoplasm, Occurs after protein synthesis. Only a functional protein is an active gene product

A

Posttranslational Control

29
Q

Network of DNA strands and associated proteins observed with a nucleus of a cell

A

Chromatin

30
Q

Tightly packed chromatin is called?

Loosely packed?

Which is more associated with active genes?

A

Heterochromatin = tightly packed

Euchromatin = loosely packed

Euchromatin is more associated with active genes

31
Q

What works on Euchromatin to make the DNA more available, and the promoter accessible for transcription?

A

Chromatin Remodeling Complex

32
Q

What is a DNA-Histone complex called?

A

Nucleosome

33
Q

Which type of histone tail contains

Methyl Group (-CH³)

Acetylated (-COCH³)

A

Methyl Group Hetrochromatin

Acetylated Euchromatin

34
Q

2 ways on which the chromatin remodeling complex affects gene expression

A
  1. Physically moving nucleosomes to expose promoters

2. Adding acetyl or methyl groups to histone tails

35
Q

Barr body is which type of chromatin?

What is a barr body

A

Hetrochromatin

An inactive X chromosome

36
Q

Protein that participates in the initiation of transcription by binding to the enhancer regulatory regions

A

Transcription activator

37
Q

DNA sequence that acts as a regulatory element to increase the level of transcription when regulatory proteins, such as transcription activators, bind to it

A

Enhancer

38
Q

What act as a bridge between transcription factors and transcription activators at the promoter

A

Mediator protein

39
Q

What does Posttranscriptional control do?

A

Gene expression following transcription that regulates the way mRNA transcripts are processed

40
Q

Protease do?

Where are they found?

A

Break down proteins

Regulate how long protein is active in cell

Proteasomes and lysosomes

41
Q

Posttranslational control affects

A

Activity of a protein product

42
Q

Post script for where an enzyme is stored

A

Somes

Ie. Lysosome

43
Q

A permanent change in the base sequence

A

Gene mutation

44
Q

Spontaneous mutations aka

A

Replication errors

45
Q

Induced mutations caused by

A

Mutagens

46
Q

Point mutations is…

A

Changing 1 single DNA base

47
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

1 or 2 nucleotides are inserted or deleted from DNA

CATASTROPHIC

48
Q

Lac operator is an example of which kind of control?

What happens when lactose is present?

When the repressor is removed what happens?

What does this enzyme do?

A

Positive control

DNA Polymerase makes a code for Lactase.

Breaks down lactase

49
Q

The trp operon is what kind of control?

What happens to the repressor when tryptophan is not present?

When tryptophan is present what happens with the repressor?

A

Negative control

The repressor is not attached to the operator allowing for DNA polymerase to make Tryptophan

The reporesor is on the “on” posistion

50
Q

Where does the Repressor attach?

A

Operator

51
Q

How do prokaryotes stop making tryptophan?

What process happens?

A

The they have tryptophan it binds to the repressor protein which stops DNA polymerase from coding for more.

52
Q

Carcinogenisis begins with the loss of this type of gene activity and the gain of this type of gene activity

A

Tumor Suppressor

Oncogene

53
Q

When tumor Suppressor genes are inactive and oncogenes are active what occurs?

A

Uncontrollable Cell Division

54
Q

Tumor Suppressor and proto-oncogenes code for _____ _____

A

Transcription Factors

55
Q

The operon model states that regulator genes code for ________

A

Repressors

56
Q

When a repressor binds to the ______, RNA polymerase is is unable to bind to the ______

A

Operator / Promotor

57
Q

When RNA polymerase is unable to bind to the promoter, transcription of the ______ _______ of the operon cannot take place

A

Structural Genes

58
Q

trp operon is an example of a _________ operon because when tryptophan is present it binds to the repressor causing it to bind to the operator stopping transcription

A

Repressible

59
Q

The lac operon is an example of an _______ operon when lactose (the inducer) is present it binds to the repressor cause it Not to bind with the operator allowing for transcription

A

Inducible

60
Q

Both lac and trp operon exhibit ______ control

Why?

A

Negative

The repressor is involved

61
Q

What type of chromatin are exemplified by lampbrush chromesomes in vertebrates?

A

Euchromatin

62
Q

DNA sequences called ______, play a role in transcriptional control in eukaryotes

A

Enhancers

63
Q

Regulatory proteins called ______ ______, play a role in transcriptional control in eukaryotes

A

Transcription Factors

64
Q

Transcription factors bind to ________

Transcription Activators bind to _______

A

Promoter

Enhancer

65
Q

What is involved in RNA interference?

A

microRNAs, Small Interfering RNAs

66
Q

Type of control that affects whether or not an enzyme is active and how long it is active

A

Post translational control

Biology (27 decks)

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